{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T06:27:16Z","timestamp":1792736836840,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In contrast to most parts of the vertebrate nervous system, ganglion cell axons in the retina typically lack myelination. In the majority of species, ganglion cell axons only become myelinated after leaving the retina to form the optic nerve. The avian retina, however, presents a remarkable exception in that ganglion cell axons are partly myelinated in the retinal nerve fibre layer. It was hypothesized that the optically detrimental properties of retinal myelination are evolutionarily offset by advantages in spike conduction velocity. Using high\u2010resolution multielectrode array recordings, we analysed the spike conduction in the retina of various avian species in comparison to mammalian species. Indeed, mammals showed lower conduction velocities than avian species. Myelinated axons typically achieved higher conduction velocities than unmyelinated axons. Notably, some myelinated axons exhibited conduction velocities lower than those of unmyelinated axons. Anatomical analyses revealed that myelination in the nerve fibre layer was accompanied by the formation of nodes of Ranvier. The internode length was positively correlated with the axon diameter. In physiological recordings, the spatial extent of simultaneously active nodes was positively correlated with the conduction velocity. Conversely, the internode length and the activation kinetics of a node were weak predictors of conduction velocity. Overall, this study illuminates the unique features of the avian retina and offers insights into the functional requirements and evolutionary pressures of myelination affecting conduction velocity in the nervous system.\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp70052-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                          <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <\/jats:graphic>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Intraretinal saltatory axonal spike conduction was studied across multiple avian species using high\u2010resolution multielectrode arrays.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The highest conduction velocities were observed exclusively in saltatory axons, while the lowest were found in non\u2010saltatory axons. However, slow myelinated axons exist, exhibiting a surprisingly large overlap in conduction velocities with unmyelinated axons.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The spatial extent of a spike showed a strong positive correlation with conduction velocity.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The internodal length exhibited a positive correlation with axon diameter, and the variability in internodal length was smaller within individual axons than across axons.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Intraretinal axonal conduction velocities across species appear to align with their ecological niche. The maximal intraretinal spike conduction velocity observed in birds was up to four times faster than in rodents.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp288664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T17:39:56Z","timestamp":1756489196000},"page":"6533-6547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Saltatory axonal conduction in the avian retina"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"603","author":[{"given":"Christoph T.","family":"Block","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg  Oldenburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3303-7507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malte T.","family":"Ahlers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg  Oldenburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1730-8733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Puller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg  Oldenburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Manackin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg  Oldenburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipti R.","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg  Oldenburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Greschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg  Oldenburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.23329"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.499354"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00265-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2005.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151099"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.40.8.769"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bucci A. B\u00fcttner M. Domdei N. Rosselli F. B. Znidaric M. Diggelmann R. Gennaro M. D. Cowan C. S. Harmening W. Hierlemann A. Roska B. &Franke F.(2024).Action potential propagation speed compensates for traveling distance in the human retina(p. 2024.04.30.591867). bioRxiv.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.04.30.591867","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.30.591867"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.090034797"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.7.1.015011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-91045-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/tice.2000.0115"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/tice.2000.0152"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2005.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3359-13.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270818"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2013.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/164490a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1953.16.2.145"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(91)90402-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00142518"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.61.883"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2535\/ofaj1936.57.2-3_79"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy123"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3389-12.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1980.tb11195.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","first-page":"170","article-title":"Microperimetry and spectral domain optical coherence tomography in myelinated retinal nerve fibers","volume":"9","author":"Lee K. H.","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2004.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","volume-title":"AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition","author":"Leary S.","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","first-page":"1434","article-title":"What does the eye tell the brain?: Development of a system for the large\u2010scale recording of retinal output activity","volume":"51","author":"Litke A. M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Transactions on Nuclear Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13101675"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(73)90242-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(78)85515-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440080207"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21701"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP286666"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5200-08.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2020.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(91)90122-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.15.4.453"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.30198"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-17-07516.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(94)00315-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1999.277.6.R1579"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660600939719"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902400203"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3464-09.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41032-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.1140"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11683"},{"issue":"18","key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","first-page":"2961","article-title":"Body temperature changes during simulated bacterial infection in a songbird: Fever at night and hypothermia during the day","volume":"218","author":"Sk\u00f6ld\u2010Chiriac S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3659918"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(00)00005-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00234279"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.63.6.1477"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1985.54.1.168"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1965.28.5.908"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(87)90022-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(98)00287-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110366"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77786-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901890202"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_67_1","first-page":"110","article-title":"Internode length and fibre diameter in developing and regenerating nerves","volume":"82","author":"Vizoso A. D.","year":"1948","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880030207"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/newbio238217a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523811000022"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901420206"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00220207"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0029(20000715)50:2<151::AID-JEMT7>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116476"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.575060"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020810"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/JP288664","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:14:33Z","timestamp":1761894873000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/JP288664"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1113\/JP288664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jp288664","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.07.04.498722","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0022-3751","1469-7793"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3751","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7793","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}