{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T08:31:03Z","timestamp":1788078663061,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maturational differences in chemoreception and cerebral blood flow are evident at sea\u2010level, yet the age\u2010related comparisons in cardiopulmonary and cerebrovascular responses to high\u2010altitude exercise are unknown. Lowland living children (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a08: 7\u201314\u00a0years) and adults (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a010: 23\u201344\u00a0years) performed incremental cycle exercise to exhaustion at sea\u2010level and following 6\u00a0days at 3800\u00a0m. Ventilation (<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>), end\u2010tidal carbon dioxide () and pulse oximetry estimation of oxygen saturation (), as well as cerebrovascular measures of middle (MCA) and posterior (PCA) cerebral artery velocities (v) were measured at rest and throughout exercise. At high\u2010altitude, both children and adults showed comparable increases in <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub> and reductions in  and  at rest (altitude: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001, group: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0\u2265\u00a00.22). During exercise, <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub> increased at high\u2010altitude compared to sea\u2010level (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), with no significant group differences (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.134). Adults exhibited greater elevations in  at sea\u2010level compared to children (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.023), but no significant group differences were present at high\u2010altitude (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.144).  reductions during high\u2010altitude exercise were greater in adults than in children (80.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.4% <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> 85.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.5%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.002), with both groups showing significant declines from sea\u2010level (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). No group differences in exercise induced changes in MCAv (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.159) or PCAv (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.674) were present at sea\u2010level, but at high\u2010altitude, children displayed greater MCAv (82.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a09.7 <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> 71.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07.8\u00a0cm\u00a0s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.014) and PCAv responses <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> adults (61.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.1 <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> 46.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010.0\u00a0cm\u00a0s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001). Exposure to high\u2010altitude resulted in a greater cerebral blood velocity response during exercise in children, despite a greater preservation of oxygenation and a comparable degree of hypocapnia, suggesting differential thresholds of O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> prioritization.\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp70006-gra-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Children and adults exhibit distinct ventilatory and cerebrovascular responses to exercise, which may influence their acclimatization to high\u2010altitude environments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Children (ages 7\u201314\u00a0years) and adults (ages 23\u201344\u00a0years) were brought from sea\u2010level to high\u2010altitude (3800\u00a0m), where changes in cardiopulmonary and cerebrovascular responses were assessed during incremental exercise.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>At high\u2010altitude, both groups showed comparable increases in ventilation and similar levels of hypocapnia. However, children showed a lower magnitude of peripheral oxygen desaturation during high\u2010altitude exercise.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Despite better preservation of oxygenation, children showed a greater increase in cerebral blood velocity during exercise, suggesting an increased prioritization of oxygen delivery to the brain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>These results improve our understanding of the age\u2010related differences in cerebrovascular sensitivity during exercise at sea\u2010level and high\u2010altitude, indicating a dominance of hypoxic vasodilatation and reduced sensitivity to endogenous carbon dioxide during exercise.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp288822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T11:13:17Z","timestamp":1754478797000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ventilatory and cerebrovascular responses to exercise in lowlander children acclimatizing to high\u2010altitude"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4137-6840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. L.","family":"Koep","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart, Lung &amp; Vascular Health University of British Columbia  Kelowna BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7850-1831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. G.","family":"Rieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart, Lung &amp; Vascular Health University of British Columbia  Kelowna BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebrovascular Health, Exercise, and Environmental Research Sciences Laboratory University of Victoria  Victoria BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. R.","family":"DuManoir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart, Lung &amp; Vascular Health University of British Columbia  Kelowna BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2611-0983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. M.","family":"Tallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart, Lung &amp; Vascular Health University of British Columbia  Kelowna BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9044-8508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. R.","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff School of Sport &amp; Health Sciences Cardiff Metropolitan University  Cardiff UK"},{"name":"Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport &amp; Health Sciences Cardiff Metropolitan University  Cardiff UK"},{"name":"Department of Sport Science University of Innsbruck  Innsbruck Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Piombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center University of California Irvine School of Medicine  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0818-6420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Stembridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff School of Sport &amp; Health Sciences Cardiff Metropolitan University  Cardiff UK"},{"name":"Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport &amp; Health Sciences Cardiff Metropolitan University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. M.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center University of California Irvine School of Medicine  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Radom\u2010Aizik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center University of California Irvine School of Medicine  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6560-222X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. N.","family":"Ainslie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart, Lung &amp; Vascular Health University of British Columbia  Kelowna BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"McManus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart, Lung &amp; Vascular Health University of British Columbia  Kelowna BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1473","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.91008.2008","article-title":"Integration of cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity and chemoreflex control of breathing: Mechanisms of regulation, measurement, and interpretation","volume":"296","author":"Ainslie P. N.","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology\u2010Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology"},{"issue":"05","key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-972860","article-title":"Is peak VO2 a maximal index of children's aerobic fitness?","volume":"17","author":"Armstrong N.","year":"1996","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-199401000-00016","article-title":"Assessment and interpretation of aerobic fitness in children and adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Armstrong N.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.063180","article-title":"Establishing maximal oxygen uptake in young people during a ramp cycle test to exhaustion","volume":"45","author":"Barker A. R.","year":"2011","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.60.6.2020","article-title":"A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange","volume":"60","author":"Beaver W. L.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiolgy"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1089\/ham.2018.0048","article-title":"Acute mountain sickness is reduced following 2 days of staging during subsequent ascent to 4300\u2009m","volume":"19","author":"Beidleman B. A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"High Altitude Medicine & Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1089\/ham.2013.1084","article-title":"Exercise capacity and selected physiological factors by ancestry and residential altitude: Cross\u2010sectional studies of 9\u201010\u2010year\u2010old children in Tibet","volume":"15","author":"Bianba B. S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"High Altitude Medicine & Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00069.2007","article-title":"Gray matter blood flow change is unevenly distributed during moderate isocapnic hypoxia in humans","volume":"104","author":"Binks A. P.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4001.097040","article-title":"Parasympathetic neural activity accounts for the lowering of exercise heart rate at high altitude","volume":"104","author":"Boushel R.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"Attainment of maximal exercise criteria in boys and men","volume":"42","author":"Brown J. D.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198706000-00012","article-title":"Coupling of ventilation and CO2 production during exercise in children","volume":"21","author":"Cooper D. M.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.93.1.81","article-title":"Altitude exposures during aircraft flight. Flying higher","volume":"93","author":"Cottrell J. J.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.66.5.2446","article-title":"Operation Everest II: Maximal oxygen uptake at extreme altitude","volume":"66","author":"Cymerman A.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00478.2023","article-title":"The influence of maturation and sex on intracranial blood velocities during exercise in children","volume":"136","author":"Douglas A. J. M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085276","article-title":"End criteria for reaching maximal oxygen uptake must be strict and adjusted to sex and age: A cross\u2010sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Edvardsen E.","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1195","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00034.2017","article-title":"Anterior cerebral blood velocity and end\u2010tidal CO2 responses to exercise differ in children and adults","volume":"312","author":"Ellis L. A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology\u2010Heart and Circulatory Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","first-page":"793","article-title":"Maximal and submaximal exercise performance at altitude","volume":"69","author":"Fulco C. S.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330670306","article-title":"Maximal exercise capacity in adolescent European and Amerindian high\u2010altitude natives","volume":"67","author":"Greksa L. P.","year":"1985","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-198600140-00012","article-title":"Cardiovascular adaptation to exercise at high altitude","volume":"14","author":"Grover R. F.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Exercise and Sport Science Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R398","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00270.2015","article-title":"Hypoxemia, oxygen content, and the regulation of cerebral blood flow","volume":"310","author":"Hoiland R. L.","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology\u2010Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-018-0522-2","article-title":"Ventilatory and cerebrovascular regulation and integration at high\u2010altitude","volume":"28","author":"Hoiland R. L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Autonomic Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1113\/EP087663","article-title":"UBC\u2010Nepal Expedition: Haemoconcentration underlies the reductions in cerebral blood flow observed during acclimatization to high altitude","volume":"104","author":"Howe C. A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Experimental Physiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199509000-00009","article-title":"Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: Review and commentary","volume":"27","author":"Howley E. T.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.71.4.1469","article-title":"Internal carotid flow velocity with exercise before and after acclimatization to 4,300 m","volume":"71","author":"Huang S. Y.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1979.47.5.954","article-title":"Difference between end\u2010tidal and arterial PCO2 in exercise","volume":"47","author":"Jones N. L.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-109376","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory responses of adults and children during normoxic and hypoxic exercise","volume":"38","author":"Kapus J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12422","article-title":"Short\u2010term cardiorespiratory adaptation to high altitude in children compared with adults","volume":"26","author":"Kriemler S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scandanavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.192534","article-title":"Alterations in cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity during 14 days at 5050 m","volume":"589","author":"Lucas S. J. E.","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1113\/EP088354","article-title":"Cerebral haemodynamics and oxygenation during whole\u2010body exercise over 5 days at high altitude","volume":"106","author":"Marillier M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Experimental Physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","first-page":"689","article-title":"An assessment of maturity from anthropometric measurements","volume":"34","author":"Mirwald R. L.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercercise"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200201000-00014","article-title":"Unchanged cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism after acclimatization to high altitude","volume":"22","author":"M\u00f8ller K.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13372","article-title":"Cerebrovascular and ventilatory responses to acute normobaric hypoxia in girls and women","volume":"5","author":"Morris L. E.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiological Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00972","article-title":"Limitation of maximal heart rate in hypoxia: Mechanisms and clinical importance","volume":"9","author":"Mourot L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-33145","article-title":"Bioelectrical impedance to estimate changes in hydration status","volume":"23","author":"O'Brien C.","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199903000-00017","article-title":"Ventilatory response and arterial blood gases during exercise in children","volume":"45","author":"Ohuchi H.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1113\/JP282282","article-title":"The influence of maturation on exercise\u2010induced cardiac remodelling and haematological adaptation","volume":"600","author":"Perkins D. R.","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2013.08.006","article-title":"Assessment of pulmonary artery pulse wave velocity in children: An MRI pilot study","volume":"31","author":"Poon C. Y.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2021.11.001","article-title":"Kids with altitude: Acute mountain sickness and changes in body mass and total body water in children travelling to 3800 m","volume":"33","author":"Rieger M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wilderness & Environmental Medicine"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4849","DOI":"10.1113\/JP283419","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary and cerebrovascular acclimatization in children and adults at 3800 m","volume":"600","author":"Rieger M. G.","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Aerobic exercise testing protocols","volume":"19","author":"Rowland T. W.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatric Laboratory Exercise Testing"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","article-title":"Age\u2010related changes of pulmonary diffusion capacity components in healthy adolescents","volume":"54","author":"Schaefer T.","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Respiratory Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1091","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00802.2018","article-title":"Differences in pulmonary arterial flow hemodynamics between children and adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension as assessed by 4D\u2010flow CMR studies","volume":"316","author":"Sch\u00e4fer M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology\u2010Heart and Circulatory Physiology"},{"issue":"24","key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5507","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.281212","article-title":"Influence of high altitude on cerebral blood flow and fuel utilization during exercise and recovery","volume":"592","author":"Smith K. J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(88)90140-5","article-title":"Evidence that maturation of the peripheral chemoreceptors is not complete in childhood","volume":"74","author":"Springer C.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Respiration Physiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0496(199602)21:2<84::AID-PPUL4>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Pulmonary diffusing capacity at reduced alveolar volumes in children","volume":"21","author":"Stam H.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatric Pulmonology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1113\/JP275278","article-title":"The independent effects of hypovolaemia and pulmonary vasoconstriction on ventricular function and exercise capacity during acclimatisation to 3800 m","volume":"597","author":"Stembridge M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1113\/EP088293","article-title":"The influence of age and sex on cerebrovascular reactivity and ventilatory response to hypercapnia in children and adults","volume":"105","author":"Tallon C. M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Experimental Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01385","article-title":"Muscle oxygenation during hypoxic exercise in children and adults","volume":"10","author":"U\u0161aj A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17737692","article-title":"Sex differences in estimated brain metabolism in relation to body growth through adolescence","volume":"39","author":"Vandekar S. N.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(96)00086-2","article-title":"A theoretical analysis of factors determining VO2 MAX at sea level and altitude","volume":"106","author":"Wagner P. D.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Respiratory Physiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106322","article-title":"Hypoxic ventilatory drive in normal man","volume":"49","author":"Weil J. V.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1962.17.4.617","article-title":"Arterial oxygen saturation during exercise at high altitude","volume":"17","author":"West J. B.","year":"1962","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00182.2021","article-title":"Differences in cerebrovascular regulation and ventilatory responses during ramp incremental cycling in children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"131","author":"Weston M. E.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2015.4","article-title":"The contribution of arterial blood gases in cerebral blood flow regulation and fuel utilization in man at high altitude","volume":"35","author":"Willie C. K.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00594.2013","article-title":"Regional cerebral blood flow in humans at high altitude: Gradual ascent and 2 wk at 5,050 m","volume":"116","author":"Willie C. K.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.01.011","article-title":"Utility of transcranial Doppler ultrasound for the integrative assessment of cerebrovascular function","volume":"196","author":"Willie C. K.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.81","article-title":"Cerebral artery dilatation maintains cerebral oxygenation at extreme altitude and in acute hypoxia\u2013an ultrasound and MRI study","volume":"31","author":"Wilson M. H.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/JP288822","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T11:13:25Z","timestamp":1754478805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/JP288822"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.1113\/JP288822"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jp288822","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3751","1469-7793"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3751","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7793","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"JP288822"}}