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This review summarises the evidence that astrocytes are essential for homeostasis of the respiratory gases in the brain, with a particular focus on oxygen homeostasis. Astrocytes surround cerebral blood vessels and sense changes in oxygen availability in the milieu. They contribute to pH homeostasis and are increasingly recognized for their contribution to central chemosensitivity, particularly in detecting changes in CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and proton (H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) concentrations. They are one of the cell types that govern changes in cerebral perfusion rate. Cerebral perfusion dynamically matches tissue metabolism, to balance O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    delivery and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    removal. By examining the role of astrocytes as both sensors and effectors in this homeostatic balancing act, this review argues that astrocytes influence the metabolic environment of neural networks with profound implications for cognitive function.\n                    <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                      <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp70047-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                        <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                      <\/jats:graphic>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp288934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T16:34:37Z","timestamp":1756139677000},"page":"1682-1694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Astrocytes: Orchestrators of brain gas exchange and oxygen homeostasis"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"604","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0982-0331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel N.","family":"Christie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Population Health University of Sheffield  SHEFFIELD UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","first-page":"369","article-title":"Cerebral microvascular changes in healthy carriers of the APOE\u2010\u025b4 Alzheimer's disease risk gene","volume":"3","author":"Aamand R.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Nexus"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.12.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0045-15.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09613"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14548"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn1011"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00658.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aai8185"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2591-14.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14982"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP284358"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08646-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adq5233"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113514"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X221124644"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199708000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24119"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2321027"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2013.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440020602"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adx7102"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60308-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07525"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24152"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03690"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01755-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez\u2010Jim\u00e9nez E. 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