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Membrane transporter proteins play a central role in this protective function, yet their expression patterns and how this changes across gestation remains poorly understood. A range of\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    models have been generated to try and understand human placental transport processes; however, uncertainties persist regarding the developmental stage and cellular composition that each model represents. This review summarises the current understanding of membrane transporter expression in the most widely used\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    systems, including primary placental tissue, choriocarcinoma cell lines and trophoblast stem cells. It also highlights recent advances in culturing techniques. Key gaps in the knowledge are identified, and opportunities for refining experimental approaches to study xenobiotic uptake and transport across the placenta\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    are discussed.\n                    <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                      <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp70358-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                        <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                      <\/jats:graphic>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp289607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T17:01:52Z","timestamp":1770397312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A review of xenobiotic membrane transporter expression within the human placenta: Lessons gained from primary tissue and\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    methodologies"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"given":"Rhiannon","family":"Pass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Loke Centre for Trophoblast Research, and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Wolton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unilever Safety, Environmental &amp; Regulatory Sciences (SERS)  Bedfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda N.","family":"Sferruzzi\u2010Perri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loke Centre for Trophoblast Research, and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa063"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13800"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2013.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03462.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.11.001","article-title":"Drug transporter expression during in vitro differentiation of first\u2010trimester and term human villous trophoblasts","volume":"36","author":"Berveiller P.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv049","article-title":"ATP\u2010binding cassette transporters in reproduction: A new frontier","volume":"22","author":"Bloise E.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Human Reproduction Update"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","article-title":"The placental role in gestational diabetes mellitus: A molecular perspective","volume":"20","author":"Calvo M. 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