{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T16:53:37Z","timestamp":1783443217801,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Fetal growth restriction (FGR) refers to a fetus that does not reach expected full growth, secondary to placental dysfunction and reduced oxygen and nutrient availability. FGR is associated with mortality or morbidity, including suboptimal brain development. Infants with FGR have reduced brain volume and diffuse, multicellular neuropathology that mediates neurological dysfunctions.\n                    <jats:italic>In utero<\/jats:italic>\n                    , reduced fetal oxygenation initiates a haemodynamic response to preferentially direct cardiac output towards the brain via cerebral vasodilatation, termed \u2018brain sparing\u2019. This brain sparing response is sustained in fetuses with FGR, contributing to altered development of cerebral blood vessels and increased permeability of the blood\u2013brain\u2010barrier (BBB). Antenatal and postnatal drug therapies are being pursued for FGR, including treatments to improve fetal growth and\/or brain development. Given that drug access into the fetal brain may be heightened in FGR as a result of BBB dysfunction, the implications for short\u2010 and long\u2010term brain growth and health should be considered. Here, we review evidence from experimental studies administering drug therapies antenatally or postnatally for FGR, and assess effects on the developing brain. We will describe the status for the antenatal use of magnesium sulphate for neuroprotection associated with preterm birth, sildenafil citrate to improve fetal growth and melatonin as a neuroprotectant in FGR, together with the postnatal administration of the neuroprotective agents ibuprofen, nanoparticles or cell therapies. Understanding drug treatment effects on the developing brain is critical, and this is particularly the case for FGR, where new therapies are needed but the implications for brain structure and function must be characterised.\n                    <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                      <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp70345-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                        <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                      <\/jats:graphic>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp289645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T02:09:42Z","timestamp":1769652582000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effects of therapeutic drugs on brain development in infants with fetal growth restriction"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Wixey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Behavioural Sciences The University of Queensland  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tegan A.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ritchie Centre Hudson Institute of Medical Research  Clayton VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash University  Clayton VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth R.","family":"Piscopo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ritchie Centre Hudson Institute of Medical Research  Clayton VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash University  Clayton VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirat K.","family":"Chand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Behavioural Sciences The University of Queensland  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul B.","family":"Colditz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Behavioural Sciences The University of Queensland  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Perinatal Research Centre Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital  Brisbane QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ritchie Centre Hudson Institute of Medical Research  Clayton VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash University  Clayton VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S204017441700037X"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000456542"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271104","article-title":"Cord blood mononuclear cells prevent neuronal apoptosis in response to perinatal asphyxia in the newborn lamb","volume":"594","author":"Aridas J. 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