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We comprehensively examined 24\u00a0h (circadian) and >24\u00a0h (infradian; 5 and 10\u00a0day) rhythms in wheel\u2010running and ingestive behaviours in single\u2010housed young and middle\u2010aged male and female mice. Circadian analysis revealed that middle\u2010aged mice, particularly females, exhibited more precise daily rhythms and shifted a greater proportion of activity and feeding to the lights\u2010on phase than young female mice. Middle\u2010aged animals also ran for longer durations per day, suggesting age\u2010related changes in activity regulation. Analysis of infradian rhythms further highlighted sex\u2010 and age\u2010specific differences. Young female mice displayed robust 5\u00a0day rhythms in wheel\u2010running activity, which were absent in middle\u2010aged females. In contrast, few males (young or middle\u2010aged) showed significant 5\u00a0day rhythms. Ten\u2010day rhythms were most prominent in male mice, while females rarely expressed this periodicity. Physiologically, middle\u2010aged mice lost more body weight in response to single housing, with middle\u2010aged females being most affected. Interactions among behavioural rhythms in females also showed greater complexity, which increased with age. These findings reveal distinct sex\u2010 and age\u2010dependent patterns in circadian and infradian rhythms as well as in physiological responses to isolation. Our work highlights the need to account for sex and age in chronobiological research, with broader implications for understanding vulnerability to age\u2010related metabolic and behavioural disorders.\n \n \n image<\/jats:alt-text>\n <\/jats:graphic>\n <\/jats:boxed-text>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Key points<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n \n Physiological findings:\n \n \n Middle\u2010aged mice lost more body weight after single housing, with females most affected.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Circadian findings:\n \n \n Older mice show more daytime activity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Precision in daily rhythm differs by sex and age.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Middle\u2010aged females showed prolonged daily wheel running.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Infradian findings:\n \n \n Young females had robust 5\u00a0day rhythms, absent in middle\u2010aged females.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Some males showed 5\u00a0day rhythms, but 10\u00a0day rhythms were most prominent in males.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Complexity of rhythms:\n \n \n Complexity of interactions among behavioural rhythms increases with age, particularly in females.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp289676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T14:17:06Z","timestamp":1770214626000},"page":"1915-1943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Differential effects of sex and age on daily and infradian rhythms of mice"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"604","author":[{"given":"Pishan","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physiology, 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