{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T05:16:00Z","timestamp":1792732560529,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CREATE\/528199\u20102019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CREATE\/528199\u20102019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Older females are at an increased risk of dementia, cardiovascular disease and stroke. However sex differences in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular ageing remain poorly understood. We examined longitudinal changes in vascular function in 82 adults (mean age: 65.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.1 years; range: 55\u201375; 39 females) at two timepoints (T1 and T2) 6.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.4 years apart. We measured middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) and pulsatility (PI) using transcranial Doppler ultrasound, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) with finger photoplethysmography and cerebrovascular conductance and resistance (CVCi, CVRi) at rest, with euoxic hypercapnia, and during submaximal exercise. At T1, males had higher resting PI but lower MCAv and CVCi compared to females. By T2, these sex differences were no longer evident, except for PI. Females experienced a greater increase in resting MAP and a decline in CVCi than males between T1 and T2. No sex\u2010time interactions were observed for MCAv or PI. In females testosterone and log\u2010transformed oestradiol were positively associated with MCAv at T1 and with the change in MCAv reactivity from T1 to T2, respectively. In males changes in oestradiol were positively associated with changes in cerebrovascular outcomes from baseline to follow\u2010up. The faster rate of cerebrovascular ageing in females over the follow\u2010up period may contribute to shifting sex differences in cerebrovascular function and their increased risk for dementia, cardiovascular disease and stroke. Sex hormones and menopause may play a key role in these sex\u2010specific ageing trajectories, highlighting the need for sex\u2010specific research to better understand cerebrovascular ageing.\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp70306-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                          <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <\/jats:graphic>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>At baseline, females exhibited higher middle cerebral artery velocity and cerebrovascular conductance than males. By the follow\u2010up, these differences were no longer present.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Females experienced greater increases in mean arterial blood pressure and declines in cerebrovascular conductance than males.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Higher baseline oestradiol in females was linked to more favourable changes in middle cerebral artery reactivity over time. Testosterone in females was associated with a greater middle cerebral artery velocity at baseline.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>In males, the change in oestradiol was positively associated with the change in cerebrovascular outcomes from baseline to follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Baseline data had limited ability to predict vascular function at follow\u2010up. Sex did not modify cerebrovascular ageing at the follow\u2010up, suggesting sex\u2010 and age\u2010dependent cerebrovascular ageing trajectories.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Accelerated cerebrovascular ageing in older females may help explain their increased risk for disease. Sex\u2010specific research is needed to elucidate the mechanistic links between menopause, sex\u2010hormones and vascular ageing.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp289708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T14:49:18Z","timestamp":1767365358000},"page":"1088-1112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Longitudinal sex differences in cerebrovascular ageing in older adults: results from the brain in motion study"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"604","author":[{"given":"Connor","family":"Snow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology &amp; Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison M. H.","family":"Donald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology &amp; Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kian M.","family":"Pelechaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology &amp; Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Science Queen's University  Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Cardiac Sciences at the University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean M.","family":"Rawling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine at the University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayna","family":"Holroyd\u2010Leduc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara","family":"Nerenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessalyn K.","family":"Holodinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Stewart","family":"Longman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Service, Alberta Health Service Foothills Medical Centre  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc J.","family":"Poulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology &amp; Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16668536"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1982.57.6.0769"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-020-00309-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.158279"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00854.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01445"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00625.2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00926.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","volume-title":"ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription","author":"American College of Sports Medicine","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-015-1034-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09613"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03610910902859574"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020632"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00218.2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000078503"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02393"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000002267"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(73)90502-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00062.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","volume-title":"Canadian physical activity, fitness, & lifestyle approach: CSEP \u2013 health, & fitness program's health\u2010related appraisal, & counselling strategy","author":"Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4199\/C00005ED1V01Y200912ISP002","volume-title":"The cerebral circulation","author":"Cipolla M. 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