{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:00:45Z","timestamp":1787238045239,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]],"date-time":"2025-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000835","name":"University of Bath","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000835","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Training with low carbohydrate availability can increase AMP\u2010activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, but whether increased AMPK activation is the result of low carbohydrate availability\n                      <jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic>\n                      or concurrent increases in fatty acid availability\/oxidation is unclear. This study assessed the independent effects of carbohydrate and fatty acid availability on exercise\u2010induced skeletal muscle AMPK activation and downstream signalling. Eight active males who were aged between 18 and 60\u00a0years with a body mass index in the range 18.0\u201330.0\u00a0kg\u00a0m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                      cycled on three occasions for 60\u00a0min at 95% of lactate threshold 1 with ingestion of either carbohydrate (CARB), niacin (NIACIN) or placebo (FAST) in a crossover design (11\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06\u00a0days washout). Blood and exhaled breath were sampled throughout exercise and muscle was sampled pre\u2010 and post\u2010exercise. Fat oxidation and plasma non\u2010esterified fatty acid concentrations were both lower in CARB\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      . FAST with negligible difference between CARB\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      . NIACIN. Plasma insulin concentrations were higher in CARB compared with both FAST and NIACIN. Net muscle glycogen use was greater with NIACIN\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      . CARB. Although no evidence for differences were observed for phosphorylated AMPK, the downstream target, phosphorylated acetyl\u2010CoA carboxylase was decreased with CARB\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      . both FAST (\u20130.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.6\u00a0fold,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.04) and NIACIN (\u20131.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.8\u00a0fold,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.02). RNA\u2010sequencing displayed several canonical changes with exercise but little difference between conditions. These data suggest carbohydrate ingestion suppresses exercise\u2010induced phosphorylation of acetyl\u2010CoA carboxylase independent of fatty acid availability.\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp70224-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                          <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <\/jats:graphic>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>It is currently unknown whether the enhanced physiological adaptation to regularly exercising in a fasted\u2010state are explained by low carbohydrate availability and\/or the concomitant increase in fatty acid availability.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            This study used fasted exercise with niacin ingestion to reduce the lipaemic response associated with fasted exercise to isolate the effects of carbohydrate\n                            <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                            . fatty acid availability on exercise\u2010induced skeletal muscle signalling.\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Our data show niacin ingestion increases muscle glycogen utilisation compared to carbohydrate ingestion during exercise, but both niacin and carbohydrate ingestion suppress fatty acid availability and fat oxidation to a similar extent.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Our data demonstrate carbohydrate ingestion during exercise suppresses acetyl\u2010CoA carboxylase phosphorylation compared to both niacin ingestion and extended overnight fasting.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>These data suggest that high carbohydrate availability inhibits exercise\u2010induced acetyl\u2010CoA carboxylase phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle, independent of circulating fatty acid concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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