{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T03:45:47Z","timestamp":1782618347229,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008567","name":"Leeds Beckett University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008567","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The ingestion of fructose with glucose has been shown to enhance exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during exercise at sea level compared with glucose alone. Whether this synergistic effect occurs at altitude is yet to be established. This study compared glucose\u2013fructose co\u2010ingestion with the ingestion of glucose alone on fuel use and running performance at 2500\u00a0m. Ingestion of 1.2\u00a0g\u00a0min\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      glucose plus 0.8\u00a0g\u00a0min\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      fructose (GLU\u2013FRU) was compared with 1.2\u00a0g\u00a0min\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      glucose (GLU) and a placebo during 120\u00a0min running at 70%  performed by eight males at 2500\u00a0m altitude. Exogenous (individual and combined contributions from fructose and glucose) and endogenous oxidation were quantified using indirect calorimetry and\n                      <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                      C stable mass isotope tracing techniques. Performance was measured using a 5\u00a0km treadmill time trial. Total carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation for the 120\u00a0min of running was significantly higher for GLU compared with placebo, whereas fat oxidation was no different between conditions. GLU\u2013FRU led to significantly greater exogenous CHO oxidation and lower endogenous CHO oxidation compared with GLU. Time to complete the 5\u00a0km run was significantly faster in GLU and GLU\u2013FRU compared with placebo, but there were no differences between GLU and GLU\u2013FRU. In conclusion, the co\u2010ingestion of GLU\u2013FRU at altitude increased exogenous and spared endogenous carbohydrate oxidation over glucose alone, as seen at sea level. However, this did not provide a performance benefit for GLU\u2013FRU. Therefore, this is the first demonstration of the synergistic effect of the co\u2010ingestion of GLU\u2013FRU on exogenous CHO oxidation during running at altitude. [Correction added on 27 June 2026, after first online publication: The word \u201ccholesterol\u201d has been corrected to \u201ccarbohydrate.\u201d]\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp70602-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                          <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <\/jats:graphic>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This study is the first to compare glucose alone with glucose\u2013fructose co\u2010ingestion during prolonged running at moderate altitude (2500\u00a0m).<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Combining glucose and fructose significantly increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation and reduces reliance on internal (endogenous) carbohydrate stores compared with glucose alone.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Despite improved fuel use, performance in a 5\u00a0km run was not better with glucose\u2013fructose compared with glucose alone at moderate altitude (2500\u00a0m), though both were faster than placebo.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>These findings support glucose\u2013fructose supplementation as an effective strategy to decrease reliance on endogenous carbohydrate stores compared with glucose alone for endurance athletes training or competing at moderate altitude.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp289885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T14:59:16Z","timestamp":1779375556000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glucose and fructose contributions to exogenous carbohydrate oxidation and performance at moderate altitude"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9702-6749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola C.","family":"Arjomandkhah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"World of Sport University Academy 92  Manchester UK"},{"name":"Carnegie School of Sport Leeds Beckett University  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3647-7025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy J.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Swinburne University of Technology  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie School of Sport Leeds Beckett University  Leeds UK"},{"name":"School of Health Leeds Beckett University  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roderick F. G. J.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie School of Sport Leeds Beckett University  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4161-5699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas, J.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre  East Kilbride, Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Preston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre  East Kilbride, Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"O'Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie School of Sport Leeds Beckett University  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.3.1014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04534-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-020-0335-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(93)90192-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.3145.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.1.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(53)90001-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(57)90024-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1946.146.5.637"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1997.77.1.257"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00019.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00376.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2022-0170"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04179-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002536"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198406000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Linear models and effect magnitudes for research, clinical and practical applications","volume":"14","author":"Hopkins W. G.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sportscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","first-page":"E768","article-title":"Lipolytic suppression following carbohydrate ingestion limits fat oxidation during exercise","volume":"273","author":"Horowitz J. F.","year":"1997","journal-title":"The American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1091367X.2016.1233421"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00974.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1999.276.4.E672"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328339de9f"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640419608727717"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13555"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31806010f5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29566"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04609-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.154030"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00076.2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.5139"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13101"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002072"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00233844"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.69.3.1047"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-006-0164-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Table of nonprotein respiratory quotient: An update","volume":"16","author":"P\u00e9ronnet F.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Sports Scienes"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.3.1419"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002764"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31827205d1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00019.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1955.8.1.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.281.4.E683"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","first-page":"801","article-title":"Carbohydrate ingestion and single muscle fiber glycogen metabolism during prolonged running in men","volume":"81","author":"Tsintzas O. K.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","first-page":"64","volume-title":"Principles of exercise testing and interpretation: Including pathophysiology and clinical applications","author":"Wasserman K.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00830"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/JP289885","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1113\/JP289885","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/JP289885","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T03:09:26Z","timestamp":1782616166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/JP289885"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.1113\/JP289885"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jp289885","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3751","1469-7793"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3751","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7793","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"JP289885"}}