{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:05:43Z","timestamp":1788444343866,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010661","name":"Southeastern Ontario Academic Medical Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SEA\u201020\u2010015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SEA\u201020\u2010015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MM1181122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MM1181122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Mitochondrial damage is a conserved feature of coronavirus infection, occurring with human (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, HCoV\u2010OC43) and murine (MHV\u20101) coronaviruses. Coronaviruses damage mitochondria in airway epithelial cells (AEC), pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC), pulmonary artery endothelial cells, immune cells and cardiomyocytes by causing rapid transcriptomic changes in nuclear\u2010encoded genes regulating mitochondria and by viral proteins interacting with host mitochondrial proteins. Coronavirus infection causes mitochondrial depolarization, mitochondrial transition pore (MTP) opening, inhibition of the electron transport chain (ETC) and ATP synthetic apparatus, increased mitochondrial fission, apoptosis, and impaired mitochondrial oxygen sensing. Within hours of infection, SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 induces transcriptional reprogramming of genes relevant to the mitochondrial matrix in AECs, downregulating mRNA encoding ETC complex I components and the ATP synthesis complex. These bioenergetic consequences of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u00a0mitochondriopathy may contribute to long COVID. Infection also upregulates dynamin\u2010related protein 1 (DRP1), activating mitochondrial fission while promoting apoptosis by activating apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and caspase 7. Even without infection, transfection with specific coronaviral proteins opens the MTP and depolarizes the mitochondria, or activates DRP1 and AIF, promoting AEC damage or apoptosis, thereby contributing to diffuse alveolar damage. In human PASMCs, coronaviral M and Nsp9 proteins suppress hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV), a homeostatic mechanism in PASMCs that uses a mitochondrial oxygen sensor to redistribute blood flow to well\u2010ventilated lung regions during pneumonia. Impairment of HPV, seen as intrapulmonary shunting, contributes to the profound hypoxaemia in COVID\u201019 pneumonia. Coronavirus\u2010induced mitochondriopathy may have therapeutic relevance as blocking AIF\u2010induced apoptosis or enhancing HPV appears beneficial in a MHV\u20101\u00a0model of COVID\u201019 pneumonia.\n                    <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                      <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp70517-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                        <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                      <\/jats:graphic>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp290297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T17:34:08Z","timestamp":1775756048000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 targets mitochondria, exacerbating COVID\u201019 pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3901-5907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danchen","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Queen's University  Kingston Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Translational Institute of Medicine (TIME), Department of Medicine Queen's University  Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3670-1197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asish","family":"Dasgupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Queen's University  Kingston Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Translational Institute of Medicine (TIME), Department of Medicine Queen's University  Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaskaran Singh","family":"Hora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Queen's University  Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuang\u2010Hueih","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Queen's University  Kingston Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Translational Institute of Medicine (TIME), Department of Medicine Queen's University  Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2821-8357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arinjay","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Organization (VIDO) University of Saskatchewan  Saskatoon, Saskatchewa Canada"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan  Saskatoon, Saskatchewa Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biology University of Waterloo  Waterloo Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1106-3202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen L.","family":"Archer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Queen's University  Kingston Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Translational Institute of Medicine (TIME), Department of Medicine Queen's University  Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100067R","article-title":"Mitochondrial fusion and fission: The fine\u2010tune balance for cellular homeostasis","volume":"35","author":"Adebayo M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050983","article-title":"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 causes lung inflammation through metabolic reprogramming and RAGE","volume":"14","author":"Allen C. N. S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44432-3","article-title":"Muscle abnormalities worsen after post\u2010exertional malaise in long COVID","volume":"15","author":"Appelman B.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"23","key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1215233","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics\u2013mitochondrial fission and fusion in human diseases","volume":"369","author":"Archer S. L.","year":"2013","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102508","article-title":"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 mitochondriopathy in COVID\u201019 pneumonia exacerbates hypoxemia","volume":"58","author":"Archer S. L.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Redox Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047915","article-title":"Differentiating COVID\u201019 pneumonia from acute Respiratory distress syndrome and high altitude pulmonary edema: Therapeutic implications","volume":"142","author":"Archer S. L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.05.573","article-title":"Efficacy of almitrine in the treatment of hypoxemia in Sars\u2010Cov\u20102 acute Respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"158","author":"Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101631","article-title":"Mitochondria: In the cross fire of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and immunity","volume":"23","author":"Burtscher J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2058","article-title":"Haemodynamic characteristics of COVID\u201019 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring mechanical ventilation. An invasive assessment using right heart catheterization","volume":"22","author":"Caravita S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Heart Failure"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.605908","article-title":"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 mediated endothelial dysfunction: The potential role of chronic oxidative stress","volume":"11","author":"Chang R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"issue":"21","key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110377","article-title":"Impaired peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) mitochondrial respiration is associated with mortality and long COVID syndrome severity in COVID\u201019 patients","volume":"26","author":"Charles A. L.","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1597370","article-title":"Mitochondrial metabolic rescue in post\u2010COVID\u201019 syndrome: MR spectroscopy insights and precision nutritional therapeutics","volume":"16","author":"Chen L. Z.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01510-8","article-title":"Metabolic alterations upon SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection and potential therapeutic targets against coronavirus infection","volume":"8","author":"Chen P.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12141897","article-title":"The role of mitochondrial dynamics and mitotic fission in regulating the cell cycle in cancer and pulmonary arterial hypertension: Implications for dynamin\u2010related protein 1 and Mitofusin2 in hyperproliferative diseases","volume":"12","author":"Colpman P.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0695-z","article-title":"The species severe acute respiratory syndrome\u2010related coronavirus: Classifying 2019\u2010nCoV and naming it SARS\u2010CoV\u20102","volume":"5","author":"Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of V","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature microbiology"},{"issue":"6490","key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1126\/science.368.6490.455","article-title":"The mystery of the pandemic's \u2018happy hypoxia","volume":"368","author":"Couzin\u2010Frankel J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000148632.35500.d9","article-title":"The mitochondrial death pathway and cardiac myocyte apoptosis","volume":"95","author":"Crow M. T.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14101045","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in aging, HIV, and long COVID: Mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"14","author":"Delpino M. V.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-025-01470-9","article-title":"Caspases as master regulators of programmed cell death: Apoptosis, pyroptosis and beyond","volume":"57","author":"Dho S. H.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Experimental & Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1245049","article-title":"Role of ROS and RNS sources in physiological and pathological conditions","volume":"2016","author":"Di Meo S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.314284","article-title":"Ndufs2, a core subunit of mitochondrial Complex I, is essential for acute oxygen\u2010sensing and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction","volume":"124","author":"Dunham\u2010Snary K. J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.09.001","article-title":"Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction: From molecular mechanisms to medicine","volume":"151","author":"Dunham\u2010Snary K. J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701320337","article-title":"Apoptosis: A review of programmed cell death","volume":"35","author":"Elmore S.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicologic Pathology"},{"issue":"23","key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047164","article-title":"The variety of cardiovascular presentations of COVID\u201019","volume":"141","author":"Fried J. A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e07-12-1287","article-title":"The novel tail\u2010anchored membrane protein Mff controls mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission in mammalian cells","volume":"19","author":"Gandre\u2010Babbe S.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Molecular Biology of the Cell"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102855","article-title":"Characteristics and predictors for silent hypoxemia in a cohort of hospitalized COVID\u201019 patients","volume":"235","author":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Grimshaw M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autonomic Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202003-0817LE","article-title":"COVID\u201019 does not lead to a \u201ctypical\u201d acute Respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"201","author":"Gattinoni L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"161","key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0059-2021","article-title":"Impairment of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Gierhardt M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Respiratory Review"},{"issue":"7816","key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2286-9","article-title":"A SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing","volume":"583","author":"Gordon D. E.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"708","key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abq1533","article-title":"Core mitochondrial genes are down\u2010regulated during SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection of rodent and human hosts","volume":"15","author":"Guarnieri J. W.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science Translational Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.05.001","article-title":"Mitochondrial complex III is required for hypoxia\u2010induced ROS production and cellular oxygen sensing","volume":"1","author":"Guzy R. D.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2022.04.004","article-title":"COVID\u201019 and the brain","volume":"32","author":"Hingorani K. S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12060877","article-title":"Spike protein impairs mitochondrial function in Human cardiomyocytes: Mechanisms underlying cardiac injury in COVID\u201019","volume":"12","author":"Huynh T. V.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00418-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 entry into cells","volume":"23","author":"Jackson C. B.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18754","article-title":"Some aspects of the life of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 ORF3a protein in mammalian cells","volume":"9","author":"Jiao S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.655763","article-title":"Use of almitrine and inhaled nitric oxide in ARDS due to COVID\u201019","volume":"8","author":"Laghlam D.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2021.166260","article-title":"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 spike promotes inflammation and apoptosis through autophagy by ROS\u2010suppressed PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling","volume":"1867","author":"Li F.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta \u2013 Molecular Basis of Disease"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01043-6","article-title":"Cell deaths: Involvement in the pathogenesis and intervention therapy of COVID\u201019","volume":"7","author":"Li X.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e12-10-0721","article-title":"Fis1, Mff, MiD49, and MiD51 mediate Drp1 recruitment in mitochondrial fission","volume":"24","author":"Los\u00f3n O. C.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecular Biology of the Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","article-title":"The SARS\u2010CoV2 and mitochondria: The impact on cell fate","volume":"93","author":"Madeddu E.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomedica"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s44324-024-00038-x","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in acute and post\u2010acute phases of COVID\u201019 and risk of non\u2010communicable diseases","volume":"2","author":"Madsen H. B.","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Metabolic Health Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1118024","article-title":"Spatial transcriptomic profiling of coronary endothelial cells in SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 myocarditis","volume":"10","author":"Margaroli C.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/139.1.111","article-title":"Enhancement of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by low dose almitrine bismesylate in normal humans","volume":"139","author":"M\u00e9lot C.","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Review of Respiratory Disease"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5267","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01165-5","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in long COVID: Mechanisms, consequences, and potential therapeutic approaches","volume":"46","author":"Molnar T.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L232","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00324.2023","article-title":"Activation of alveolar epithelial ER stress by beta\u2010coronavirus infection disrupts surfactant homeostasis in mice: Implications for COVID\u201019 respiratory failure","volume":"327","author":"Murthy A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology\u2010Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2016.03.016","article-title":"DRP1\u2010dependent apoptotic mitochondrial fission occurs independently of BAX, BAK and APAF1 to amplify cell death by BID and oxidative stress","volume":"1857","author":"Oettinghaus B.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.06.027","article-title":"Viral endothelial dysfunction: A unifying mechanism for COVID\u201019","volume":"96","author":"Prasad M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041575","article-title":"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010ORF\u20103a mediates apoptosis through mitochondrial dysfunction modulated by the K+ ion channel","volume":"26","author":"Qudus M. S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103722","article-title":"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection enhances mitochondrial PTP complex activity to perturb cardiac energetics","volume":"25","author":"Ramachandran K.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.706252","article-title":"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 membrane glycoprotein M triggers apoptosis with the assistance of nucleocapsid protein N in cells","volume":"11","author":"Ren Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3445","article-title":"Apoptosis\u2010inducing factor: Structure, function, and redox regulation","volume":"14","author":"Sevrioukova I. F.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxidants & Redox Signaling"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303196","article-title":"SARS\u2010coronavirus open reading frame\u20109b suppresses innate immunity by targeting mitochondria and the MAVS\/TRAF3\/TRAF6 signalosome","volume":"193","author":"Shi C. S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.4103\/lungindia.lungindia_601_21","article-title":"Silent Hypoxia in coronavirus disease\u20102019: Is it more dangerous? \u2010A retrospective cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Sirohiya P.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.310482","article-title":"Mitochondrial complex IV subunit 4 isoform 2 is essential for acute pulmonary oxygen sensing","volume":"121","author":"Sommer N.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202006-2157CP","article-title":"Why COVID\u201019 silent hypoxemia is baffling to physicians","volume":"202","author":"Tobin M. J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00468-6","article-title":"Coronavirus biology and replication: Implications for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102","volume":"19","author":"V'kovski P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-024-00458-1","article-title":"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 membrane protein induces neurodegeneration via affecting Golgi\u2010mitochondria interaction","volume":"13","author":"Wang F.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Translational Neurodegeneration"},{"issue":"19","key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050002","article-title":"Acute oxygen\u2010sensing mechanisms","volume":"353","author":"Weir E. K.","year":"2005","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200537","article-title":"Forty years with coronaviruses","volume":"217","author":"Weiss S. R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.013","article-title":"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infects human pancreatic beta cells and elicits beta cell impairment","volume":"33","author":"Wu C. T.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell metabolism"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","unstructured":"Wu D. Wells M. Archer S. &Rantanen T. K.(2025).Apoptosis Inhibitors. Patent application. United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO).https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US20250228853A1\/en"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-022-00928-x","article-title":"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 membrane protein causes the mitochondrial apoptosis and pulmonary edema via targeting BOK","volume":"29","author":"Yang Y.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death and Differentiation"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1118195","article-title":"Spike protein subunits of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 alter mitochondrial metabolism in Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells: Involvement of factor xa","volume":"2022","author":"Zekri\u2010Nechar K.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disease Markers"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/JP290297","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1113\/JP290297","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/JP290297","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T17:34:16Z","timestamp":1775756056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/JP290297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["10.1113\/JP290297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jp290297","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3751","1469-7793"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3751","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7793","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"JP290297"}}