{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T04:28:18Z","timestamp":1787113698869,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institutes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NHRI\u2010EX101\u201010113EC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHRI\u2010EX101\u201010113EC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC 100\u20102321\u2010B\u2010182\u2010013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC 100\u20102321\u2010B\u2010182\u2010013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST\u2010108\u20102320\u2010B\u2010002\u2010030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST\u2010108\u20102320\u2010B\u2010002\u2010030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST\u2010109\u20102320\u2010B\u2010002\u2010014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST\u2010109\u20102320\u2010B\u2010002\u2010014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005795","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG3M1651\u20102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3M1651\u20102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005795","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"abstract":"\n Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Humans effortlessly perceive the speed of an object moving across their fingers, but how the brain encodes this information, especially across the hierarchical stages in the primary somatosensory cortex, remains unclear. This study thus investigated coding schemes, including rate and temporal codes, for tactile motion speed in macaque S1 areas 3b, 1 and 2. Extracellular electrophysiology recorded single\u2010unit activities when a rotating sinusoidal grating ball of a fixed spatial period (wavelength of 1, 2 or 4\u00a0mm) was presented on the finger pad at various speeds (20\u2013320\u00a0mm\/s). The results showed that the rate code was commonly employed to differentiate the stimulus scanning speed, spatial period and scanning direction across S1 regions. In contrast the temporal code was used to faithfully represent the stimulus temporal frequency, which was defined as the speed divided by the spatial period. Notably area 3b had a wider range of frequency responses than did areas 1 and 2. These findings demonstrate that S1 uses both rate and temporal codes to encode distinct aspects of tactile motion. Future research should investigate how temporal patterns in S1 neuronal activity are potentially transformed and utilized in downstream somatosensory areas to form tactile motion perception and guide perceptual decisions.\n \n \n image<\/jats:alt-text>\n <\/jats:graphic>\n <\/jats:boxed-text>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Key points<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n Primate's primary somatosensory cortex (S1) employs a sophisticated \u2018division of labour\u2019 to encode tactile motion.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Downstream areas encode speed using overall neuronal firing rate, whereas an earlier stage encodes texture using precise spike timing.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n This hierarchical strategy for disentangling sensory information could serve as a blueprint for restoring a naturalistic sense of touch.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp290938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T04:22:57Z","timestamp":1787113377000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neural coding for tactile motion: Scanning speed or temporal frequency?"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4338-393X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu\u2010Po","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taoyuan City Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute for Neuroscience Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA"},{"name":"Center for Perceptual Systems University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9796-9744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian\u2010Jia","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taoyuan City Taiwan"},{"name":"Master of Science Degree Program in Innovation for Smart Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2375-0723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun\u2010I","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology National Taiwan University Taipei City Taiwan"},{"name":"Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center National Taiwan University Taipei City Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Science College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Cheng","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taoyuan City Taiwan"},{"name":"Master of Science Degree Program in Innovation for Smart Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan City Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan City Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Reconstruction, Transplantation and Regeneration Research Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taoyuan City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp018116","article-title":"Acute effects of neomycin on slowly adapting type I and type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the anaesthetized cat and rat","volume":"425","author":"Baumann K.","year":"1990","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/0899022031000083825","article-title":"The vibrations of texture","volume":"20","author":"Bensma\u00cfa S. 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