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This additive model has recently been challenged by the constrained energy balance model, which proposes that reductions in mass\u2010adjusted REE compensate to some extent for increases in AEE, rendering mass\u2010adjusted TEE effectively invariant. We tested these competing models using two complementary approaches. First, we conducted a short\u2010term longitudinal, repeated\u2010measures experiment in 12 adults who completed 10\u2010day periods of high and low physical activity separated by a washout period. TEE was measured with doubly labelled water, AEE with wearable sensors, and REE with indirect calorimetry as well as anthropometric equations. Second, we analysed a cross\u2010sectional sample of 268 adults from the Pennington Centre Longitudinal Study that measured TEE and REE independently. In both studies, metabolic rates were analysed using size\u2010adjusted regression models. In the longitudinal experiment, a \u223c28% increase in AEE (\u223c250\u00a0kcal\/day) increased TEE by 10% (272\u00a0kcal\/day) without reducing mass\u2010adjusted REE, contradicting predictions of metabolic compensation. In the cross\u2010sectional study, mass\u2010adjusted REE and AEE were statistically independent, with no evidence for metabolic compensation. These results support the additive model of energy expenditure and indicate that increased physical activity does not suppress REE, contradicting the hypothesis that metabolic compensation thwarts the effects of physical activity on weight management.\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp70695-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                          <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <\/jats:graphic>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>There is a debate over whether active activity expenditure (AEE) is independent of resting energy expenditure (REE) corrected for body mass and composition or causes decreases in REE through metabolic compensation.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We tested AEE's effects on REE using both a repeated measures longitudinal study and a cross\u2010sectional study. In both studies, AEE and REE were measured independently, and metabolic rates were analysed using regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>In the longitudinal study, a 28% increase in AEE had no effect on mass\u2010adjusted REE, contradicting predictions of metabolic compensation. In the cross\u2010sectional study, mass\u2010adjusted REE and AEE were statistically independent with no evidence for metabolic compensation.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>These results indicate that increased physical activity does not suppress mass\u2010adjusted REE, supporting the additive model of energy expenditure.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp291108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:22:51Z","timestamp":1782433371000},"page":"5952-5967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Longitudinal and cross\u2010sectional evidence that daily resting and activity energy expenditures are independent in humans"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"604","author":[{"given":"Andrew K.","family":"Yegian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Evolutionary Biology Harvard University  Cambridge MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Pachus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Evolutionary Biology Harvard University  Cambridge MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leanne M.","family":"Redman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Center University of Louisiana  Baton Rouge LA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1127-9425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven B.","family":"Heymsfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Center University of Louisiana  Baton Rouge LA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3240-964X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Falkenhain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Center University of Louisiana  Baton Rouge LA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8204-5144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra R.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Evolutionary Biology Harvard University  Cambridge MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaji. 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