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While augmenting the behavioural benefits of motor practice is relevant for neurorehabilitation following central and peripheral lesions to the motor system, as well as in sports, the effects of tDCS targeting the mesial motor cortex (M1\u2010Leg) during multi\u2010session lower\u2010limb motor skill practice remain unexplored. We tested whether 5\u00a0days of anodal tDCS over M1\u2010Leg during training of a sequential visuomotor tracking task improves within\u2010 and between\u2010session learning and 1\u2010week retention. Participants were randomized to skill practice with active tDCS, skill practice with sham stimulation, or volume\u2010matched non\u2010skilled ankle movements with sham stimulation. Changes in corticospinal excitability accompanying skill and non\u2010skill motor practice with real and sham tDCS, were assessed as motor\u2010evoked potential amplitudes recorded from the tibialis anterior muscle at rest. Compared with non\u2010skill practice, motor skill practice yielded robust sequence\u2010specific performance gains that transferred to the untrained leg and persisted for at least 1\u00a0week after practice ended. Concurrent tDCS did not increase learning within or between training sessions, but it did lead to improved one\u2010week retention compared with sham stimulation. Corticospinal excitability did not increase after practice and was unaffected by tDCS. These findings suggest that combining lower\u2010limb motor skill practice with tDCS over the M1\u2010Leg can enhance retention of skill learning without measurable changes in resting corticospinal excitability. This is relevant for motor practice scheduling and potentially in neurorehabilitation.\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/tjp70737-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                          <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <\/jats:graphic>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a weak electrical brain stimulation that may boost learning when paired with motor practice; however, its effects during lower\u2010limb skill training are not well known.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We tested whether stimulation over the leg area of the motor cortex during 5 days of ankle skill training improves learning, consolidation and delayed retention.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Ankle skill training produced clear sequence\u2010specific improvements that transferred to the untrained leg and were still present 1 week later.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Stimulation did not increase short\u2010term learning, but it did improve 1\u2010week retention compared with sham stimulation.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Corticospinal excitability did not change with motor training or stimulation, consistent with the possibility that the observed retention effect relies on mechanisms that do not evoke sustained changes in resting corticospinal excitability (e.g. state\u2010dependent or network\u2010level processes).<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp291217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T14:51:37Z","timestamp":1784991097000},"page":"7375-7399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances delayed retention after 5 days of lower\u2010limb motor skill learning"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"604","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0543-2220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"August Lomholt","family":"Kvistad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement &amp; 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