{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:52:23Z","timestamp":1792000343428,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024\/07342\u20109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/07342\u20109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"abstract":"\n Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Preterm birth is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, with ascending infection and inflammation at the fetal\u2013maternal interface recognized as major contributors to its pathophysiology.\n Gardnerella<\/jats:italic>\n spp., key species associated with bacterial vaginosis, have been implicated in adverse pregnancy outcomes; however, the mechanisms underlying their ability to ascend and trigger inflammatory responses remain poorly understood. In this study, we used a fetal\u2013maternal interface organ\u2010on\u2010chip model to investigate the ascending infection of\n Gardnerella<\/jats:italic>\n spp. and the resulting compartmentalized cytokine response. The device integrated decidual, chorionic trophoblast, amniotic mesenchymal and amniotic epithelial cells to mimic the\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n architecture of the fetal membranes. Quantitative PCR revealed progressive bacterial ascension, with a significantly higher load of\n Gardnerella<\/jats:italic>\n spp. in the amnion mesenchymal layer after 48 h of stimulation. Cytokine analysis demonstrated increased production of interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106, C\u2010X\u2010C motif chemokine ligand\u00a08 and IL\u201010 across cellular compartments, indicating a coordinated pro\u2010inflammatory and compensatory anti\u2010inflammatory response. These findings provide direct evidence of\n Gardnerella<\/jats:italic>\n spp. invasion dynamics and immune activation at the fetal\u2013maternal interface, supporting the use of microphysiological systems as translational tools to study infection\u2010driven mechanisms of spontaneous preterm birth.\n \n \n image<\/jats:alt-text>\n <\/jats:graphic>\n <\/jats:boxed-text>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Key points<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n \n Gardnerella<\/jats:italic>\n spp. ascend rapidly across the fetal\u2013maternal interface.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Ascending infection induces compartmentalized inflammatory cytokine responses.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Amnion mesenchymal cells exhibited the highest bacterial burden after 48\u00a0h.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n The fetal\u2013maternal interface organ\u2010on\u2010chip provides a translational model for studying infection\u2010driven preterm birth.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jp291826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:25:37Z","timestamp":1791998737000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ascending infection of\n Gardnerella<\/i>\n spp. and compartmentalized inflammatory response in fetal\u2013maternal interface organ\u2010on\u2010chip model"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2251-9730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"de Castro Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP) S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeniffer","family":"Sena Baptista Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP) S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Gomes Barnab\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP) S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Eduarda","family":"Tesini Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP) S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6648-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Emi","family":"Yonezawa de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP) S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Ribeiro de Andrade Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP) S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Bauru Medical School (FMBRU) University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP) Bauru S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramkumar","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Galveston TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia","family":"Guimar\u00e3es da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP) S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13770","article-title":"Modeling an ascending infection by ureaplasma parvum and its cell signaling and inflammatory response at the feto\u2010maternal interface","volume":"90","author":"Bento G. 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