{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T18:24:57Z","timestamp":1760898297724},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1977,11,1]],"date-time":"1977-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":247190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1977,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>1. Intracellular voltage was recorded from rods in isolated retinae of the snapping turtle, <jats:italic>Chelydra serpentina<\/jats:italic>. The voltage was observed during darkness or during uniform illumination of a large retinal area. During darkness the voltage fluctuated continuously about a mean level. The spontaneous fluctuation is termed \u2018noise\u2019. During illumination the amplitude of the noise was reduced.<\/jats:p><jats:p>2. The noise observed during darkness could also be reduced by injecting a hyperpolarizing current into the impaled rod. The noise could be increased by a depolarizing current. The component of the noise that could be altered by polarizing the rod is termed \u2018voltage\u2010sensitive noise\u2019.<\/jats:p><jats:p>3. When voltage\u2010sensitive noise was first minimized by a continuous hyperpolarizing current, bright light produced an additional decrease in the noise. The component of the noise that was eliminated by light, but not eliminated by the injection of current, is termed \u2018light\u2010sensitive noise\u2019.<\/jats:p><jats:p>4. The power density spectrum of voltage\u2010sensitive noise, <jats:italic>G<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic>), could be described by an equation of the form [Formula: see text] \u03c4<jats:sub>M<\/jats:sub> was approximately 7 msec, which is in good agreement with an apparent membrane time constant of 5\u20108 msec. The largest value of \u03b1<jats:sub><jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> was 2\u00b71 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22129<\/jats:sup> V<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> sec.<\/jats:p><jats:p>5. The power density spectrum of light\u2010sensitive noise could be described by an equation of the form [Formula: see text] \u03c4<jats:sub>L<\/jats:sub> was approximately 200\u2010300 msec. The largest value of \u03b1<jats:sub>L<\/jats:sub> was 8\u00b70 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22129<\/jats:sup> V<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> sec.<\/jats:p><jats:p>6. The potential maintained during darkness could be altered by superfusing a retina with artificial media of different compositions. Depolarizing the rods by changing the extracellular calcium concentration from 1 to 5 m\n<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc> increased the voltage\u2010sensitive noise. A similar effect was observed after adding 2 m\n<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc> lanthanum.<\/jats:p><jats:p>7. In contrast, 5 m\n<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc> cobalt produced a small hyperpolarization and suppressed the voltage\u2010sensitive noise. Injecting a depolarizing current, after exposure to cobalt, re\u2010initiated the voltage\u2010sensitive noise. The ability to elicit voltage\u2010sensitive noise in the presence of cobalt indicates that it was not of synaptic origin.<\/jats:p><jats:p>8. The results are consistent with the noise present during dark being produced by two types of channel in the rod membrane. One is controlled by the phototransduction process; each individual channel of this type may be described as having a mean open time of 200\u2010300 msec and a conductance of approx. 6 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u221213<\/jats:sup> \u03a9<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. The absorption of one photon closes approx. 100\u2010300 of these channels. The other type of channel is controlled by membrane potential; each individual channel of this type has a mean open time which is less than the membrane time constant of 8 msec.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1977.sp012042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]],"date-time":"2014-12-19T08:14:41Z","timestamp":1418976881000},"page":"217-246","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Voltage noise observed in rods of the turtle retina"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"272","author":[{"given":"E. A.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1977,11]]},"container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1977.sp012042","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1977.sp012042","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T09:25:51Z","timestamp":1699262751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1977.sp012042"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1977,11]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1977,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1113\/jphysiol.1977.sp012042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1977.sp012042","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3751","1469-7793"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3751","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7793","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1977,11]]}}}