{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:01:24Z","timestamp":1790226084204,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1980,9,1]],"date-time":"1980-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":336614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1980,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>1. The trans\u2010synovial flow (Qs) of Ringer solution from the cavity of immobile knee (stifle) joints was determined in anaesthetized rabbits when intra\u2010articular hydrostatic pressure (PJ) was elevated in steps from 2 to 25 cm H2O. 2. It has been demonstrated previously (Levick, 1978) that slope DQs\/dPJ shows an abrupt sixfold increase at a \u2018breaking point\u2019 (PB) around 9 . 5 cm H2O, rising from a mean of 0 . 49 microliter.min\u20101 cm H2O\u20101 (PJ less than PB) to 2 . 81 microliter.min\u20101 cm H2O\u20101 (PJ greater than PB). 3. Perforation of the synovial intima by an intra\u2010articular cannula increased dQs\/dPJ below breaking pressure and thus largely abolished the breaking point phenomenon, indicating that the phenomenon might be simulated by a break\u2010down in synovial resistance to flow. 4. Ligation of the femoral lymph trunks draining the joint did not significantly alter the relationship between Qs and PJ. The slope dQs\/dPJ was 0 . 60 +\/\u2010 0 . 17 microliter.min\u20101 cm H2O\u20101 (mean +\/\u2010 S.E.) below a breaking pressure of 8 . 8\u2010\u201010.5 cm H2O, and 2 . 90 +\/\u2010 0 . 64 microliter.min\u20101 cm H2O\u20101 above breaking pressure. Thus changes in synovial lymph flow did not explain the breaking point phenomenon. 5. Interruption of synovial blood flow by vascular clamps or by killing the animal reduced, but did not abolish fluid absorption; nor was the breaking point phenomenon abolished. Slope dQs\/dPJ increased from 0 . 37 +\/\u2010 0 . 06 microliter.min\u20101 cm H2O\u20101 below breaking point (10 . 5 +\/\u2010 1 . 0 cm H2O) to between 1 . 82 and 0 . 96 +\/\u2010 0 . 15 microliter.min\u20101 cm H2O\u20101 above breaking pressure. Fluid accumulated in extra\u2010synovial interstitial spaces. 6. When the synovial intima was divested of its surrounding tissues, lymphatic and vascular supplies by extensive dissection, the denuded synovium still showed a marked increase in hydraulic conductivity at normal breaking pressures. The breaking point phenomenon was therefore not caused by changes in extra\u2010synovial interstitial pressure or compliance. 7. It is concluded that fluid absorption from the joint cavity occurs by two parallel pathways viz. the synovial capillary bed and the extra\u2010synovial interstitial spaces. A simple analysis of the system indicates that the breaking point phenomenon cannot be explained by an abrupt increase in synovial conductivity (cf. Edlund, 1949) but is explicable if synovial conductivity (and possibly interstitial conductivity) becomes a continuous function of PJ above breaking pressure. This hypothesis reconciles the non\u2010linear pressure\u2010flow relationship with Starling's hypothesis for fluid absorption from connective tissue spaces (1896).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1980.sp013406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]],"date-time":"2014-12-19T07:20:57Z","timestamp":1418973657000},"page":"445-461","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Contributions of the lymphatic and microvascular systems to fluid absorption from the synovial cavity of the rabbit knee."],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"306","author":[{"given":"J R","family":"Levick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1980,9]]},"container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1980.sp013406","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1980.sp013406","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]],"date-time":"2023-11-05T12:40:33Z","timestamp":1699188033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1980.sp013406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1980,9]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1980,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1113\/jphysiol.1980.sp013406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1980.sp013406","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3751","1469-7793"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3751","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7793","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1980,9]]}}}