{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:50:38Z","timestamp":1790380238471,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1983,2,1]],"date-time":"1983-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":412905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In vivo, Ba2+ produces flaccid paralysis of mammalian skeletal muscle and lowers serum K+ concentration. An episode of hypokalaemic periodic paralysis (h.p.p.) produces similar changes. Reduced K+ permeability may be involved in the onset of h.p.p., and Ba2+ is known to block K+ channels in some types of excitable cells. I have investigated the mechanism of Ba2+ action in mammalian skeletal muscle (mouse and pig) in vitro. Ba2+ (1\u201010 mM) initially potentiated twitch force but subsequently depressed both twitches and tetani. These effects were enhanced by low external K+ concentration (0 mM) and diminished by doubling the external K+ (8 mM). Muscle paralysed by Ba2+ responded to caffeine (25 mM) or K+ (100\u2010200 mM) with a contracture. The Ca2+ channel blocker verapamil did not prevent paralysis and, in fact, enhanced Ba2+ depression of tetani. Mouse long digital extensor (e.d.l.) muscles were depolarized by approximately 35 mV after 5 min in the presence of 1 mM\u2010Ba2+. Action potentials from porcine muscles exposed to Ba2+ for 30 min rose and fell more slowly than controls and thus had a longer duration. Continuous recordings of membrane potential from individual cells revealed that 5 mM\u2010Ba2+ depolarized mouse e.d.l. muscle at about 0.05 times the rate with high K+ (200 mM). I conclude that Ba2+ acts relatively slowly to block K+ channels, to decrease K+ fluxes and to induce depolarization. The rate of spontaneous inactivation of the contraction was apparently faster than the rate of activation. This would account for the Ba2+\u2010induced flaccid paralysis without an initial contracture. These results with Ba2+\u2010treated muscle illustrate similarities to h.p.p. and indicate that Ba2+ may create a useful model for studies relevant to h.p.p. Furthermore, Ba2+ may provide an appropriate means for evaluating K+ channel function in other muscle disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1983.sp014552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]],"date-time":"2014-12-19T07:00:10Z","timestamp":1418972410000},"page":"577-590","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Barium\u2010treated mammalian skeletal muscle: similarities to hypokalaemic periodic paralysis."],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"335","author":[{"given":"E M","family":"Gallant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1983,2]]},"container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1983.sp014552","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1983.sp014552","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T08:56:15Z","timestamp":1697705775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1983.sp014552"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1983,2]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1113\/jphysiol.1983.sp014552"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1983.sp014552","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3751","1469-7793"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3751","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7793","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1983,2]]}}}