{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T19:46:44Z","timestamp":1762112804152},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,1]],"date-time":"2002-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1038700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We report on responses of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) upon application of amino acids and forskolin using a novel slice preparation of the olfactory epithelium of <jats:italic>Xenopus laevis<\/jats:italic> tadpoles. Responses were measured using the patch\u2010clamp technique. Both amino acids and forskolin proved to be potent stimuli. Interestingly, a number of ORNs that responded to amino acids did not respond to forskolin. This suggests that some amino acids activate transduction pathways other than the well\u2010known cAMP\u2010mediated one. The differential processing of cAMP\u2010mediated stimuli on the one hand and amino acid stimuli on the other was further elucidated by calcium\u2010imaging of olfactory bulb neurons using a novel nose\u2010olfactory bulb preparation of <jats:italic>Xenopus laevis<\/jats:italic> tadpoles. The projection pattern of amino acid\u2010sensitive ORNs to olfactory bulb neurons differed markedly from the projection pattern of forskolin\u2010sensitive ORNs. Olfactory bulb neurons activated by amino acids were located laterally compared to those activated by forskolin, and only a small proportion responded to both stimuli. The ensemble of neurons activated by forskolin was also activated by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3\u2010isobutyl\u20101\u2010methylxanthine (IBMX) and the membrane\u2010permeant cAMP analogue 8\u2010(4\u2010chlorophenylthio)adenosine 3\u2032,5\u2032\u2010cyclic monophosphate (pCPT\u2010cAMP). We therefore conclude that sensory transduction of a number of amino acids is cAMP independent, and amino acid\u2010 and cAMP\u2010mediated responses are processed differentially at the level of the olfactory bulb.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.031914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,28]],"date-time":"2002-11-28T03:06:17Z","timestamp":1038452777000},"page":"475-484","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["cAMP\u2010independent responses of olfactory neurons in <i>Xenopus laevis<\/i> tadpoles and their projection onto olfactory bulb neurons"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"545","author":[{"given":"Ivan","family":"Manzini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"R\u00f6ssler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Detlev","family":"Schild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-05-03304.1994","article-title":"Single odors differentially stimulate dual second messenger pathways in lobster olfactory receptor cells","volume":"14","author":"Boekhoff I.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07422.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90418-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.84.3.403"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00580998"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90016-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80314-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.97.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8396","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-21-08396.2001","article-title":"Odorant feature detection: activity mapping of structure response relationships in the zebrafish olfactory bulb","volume":"21","author":"Fuss S. 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