{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T02:57:37Z","timestamp":1790996257261,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,1]],"date-time":"2003-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1067644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2010dependent conductances were studied in respiratory interneurons in the brainstem\u2010spinal cord preparation of newborn rats. \u03c9\u2010Conotoxin\u2010GVIA attenuated evoked postsynaptic potentials, spontaneous or evoked inspiratory spinal nerve activity and blocked spike afterhyperpolarization. Furthermore, \u03c9\u2010conotoxin\u2010GVIA augmented rhythmic drive potentials of pre\u2010inspiratory and inspiratory neurons and increased respiratory\u2010related spike frequency of pre\u2010inspiratory cells with no effect on inspiratory hyperpolarization. In contrast, \u03c9\u2010agatoxin\u2010IVA depressed drive potentials of pre\u2010inspiratory and inspiratory neurons and attenuated inspiratory hyperpolarization and spike frequency of pre\u2010inspiratory cells. It did not affect spike shape and exerted only minor, non\u2010significant, attenuating effects on spontaneous or evoked nerve bursts or evoked postsynaptic potentials. Nifedipine diminished drive potentials and spike frequency of pre\u2010inspiratory neurons and shortened drive potentials in some cells. \u03c9\u2010Conotoxin\u2010MVIIC attenuated drive potentials and intraburst firing rate of pre\u2010inspiratory neurons and decreased substantially respiratory frequency. Respiratory rhythm disappeared following combined application of \u03c9\u2010conotoxin\u2010GVIA, \u03c9\u2010conotoxin\u2010MVIIC, \u03c9\u2010agatoxin\u2010IVA and nifedipine. Apamin potentiated drive potentials and abolished spike afterhyperpolarization, whereas charybdotoxin and tetraethylammonium prolonged spike duration without effect on shape of drive potentials. The results show that specific sets of voltage\u2010activated L\u2010, N\u2010 and P\/Q\u2010type Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> channels determine the activity of particular subclasses of neonatal respiratory neurons, whereas SK\u2010 and BK\u2010type K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> channels attenuate drive potentials and shorten spikes, respectively, independent of cell type. We hypothesize that modulation of spontaneous activity of pre\u2010inspiratory neurons via N\u2010, L\u2010 and P\/Q\u2010type Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> channels is important for respiratory rhythm or pattern generation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.049312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,26]],"date-time":"2003-08-26T00:49:10Z","timestamp":1061858950000},"page":"727-741","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Contribution of Ca<sup>2+<\/sup>\u2010dependent conductances to membrane potential fluctuations of medullary respiratory neurons of newborn rats <i>in vitro<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"552","author":[{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Onimaru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Ballanyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikuo","family":"Homma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(90)90165-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(99)00009-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1995.75.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1998.00396.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(99)00544-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.1.382"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/310501a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1994.sp020282"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.86.1.59","article-title":"Models of respiratory rhythm generation in the pre\u2010B\u00f6tzinger Complex. 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