{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T08:54:43Z","timestamp":1762160083093},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,1]],"date-time":"2003-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1067644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Calcium acts as a second messenger in vertebrate rods, regulating the recovery phase of the light response and modulating sensitivity during light\u2010adaptation. Since light not only decreases the outer segment calcium concentration ([Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>) by closing cyclic nucleotide\u2010gated channels but can also increase [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> by releasing Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> from buffer sites or intracellular stores, we examined in detail the effect of light and circulating current on [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> by making simultaneous measurements of suction pipette current and [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> from isolated rods of the salamander <jats:italic>Ambystoma tigrinum<\/jats:italic> after incorporation of the fluorescent dye fluo\u20105F. When the release of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> is measured in 0 Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u22120 Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> solution, minimising fluxes of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> across the plasma membrane, it is substantial only for light bright enough to bleach a significant fraction of the photopigment and is restricted to the part of the outer segment in which the bleach occurred. It is unlikely, therefore, to make a large contribution to [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> for most of the physiological operating range of the rod. Nevertheless, since release is half\u2010maximal for a bleach of less than 10 %, it cannot be produced by a simple mechanism such as a change in the affinity of a binding site on rhodopsin itself but must instead require some more complex interaction. In Ringer solution, the Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> in the light\u2010releasable pool can be discharged merely by the decrease in [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> that occurs as the outer segment channels close. In steady background light or after exposure to saturating illumination, the fraction of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> in the pool decreases essentially in proportion to [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> as if Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> were being removed from a buffer site within the cytoplasm. Furthermore, [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> itself changes in proportion to the circulating current, with little evidence for a contribution from Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> release or other mechanisms of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> homeostasis. This indicates that flux of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> across the plasma membrane is the major determinant of outer segment Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> concentration within the rod's normal operating light intensity range. Once Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> has been discharged from the releasable pool, it is restored following dim illumination apparently as the simple result of the subsequent restoration of dark [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> and the rebinding of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> to its release site, but after brighter light perhaps also as a consequence of regeneration of the photopigment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.050724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,2]],"date-time":"2003-09-02T00:52:06Z","timestamp":1062463926000},"page":"763-776","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The effect of light on outer segment calcium in salamander rods"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"552","author":[{"given":"Hugh R.","family":"Matthews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon L.","family":"Fain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1977.sp012024"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-02-00470.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/337740a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(02)73911-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1994.sp020358"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.96.2.345"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","first-page":"122","volume-title":"Handbook of Sensory Physiology","author":"Dartnall HJA","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","unstructured":"FainGL&MatthewsHR(2003).Light and calcium in salamander rods. 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