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We have therefore tested the possibility that excitatory synapses between PFs and stellate cells (SCs) are also able to exhibit long\u2010term changes in synaptic efficacy. In the present study, we show that long\u2010term potentiation (LTP) and long\u2010term depression (LTD) were induced at these synapses by a low frequency stimulation protocol (2 Hz for 60 s) and that pairing this low frequency stimulation protocol with postsynaptic depolarization induced a marked shift of synaptic plasticity in favour of LTP. This LTP was cAMP independent, but required nitric oxide (NO) production from pre\u2010 and\/or postsynaptic elements, depending on the stimulation or pairing protocol used, respectively. In contrast, LTD was not dependent on NO production but it required activation of postsynaptic group II and possibly of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. Finally, stimulation of PFs at 8 Hz for 15 s also induced LTP at PF\u2013SC synapses. But in this case, LTP was cAMP dependent, as was also observed at PF\u2013PC synapses for presynaptic LTP induced in the same conditions. Thus, long\u2010term changes in synaptic efficacy can be accomplished by PF\u2013SCs synapses as well as by PF\u2013PC synapses, suggesting that both types of plasticity might co\u2010operate during cerebellar motor learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.055871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,18]],"date-time":"2003-11-18T01:23:14Z","timestamp":1069118594000},"page":"707-720","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Synapses between parallel fibres and stellate cells express long\u2010term changes in synaptic efficacy in rat 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