{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:18:12Z","timestamp":1791404292705,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,25]],"date-time":"2004-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated how vestibular information is used to maintain posture and control movement by studying vestibularly deficient mice (IsK<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mutant). In these mutants, microscopy showed degeneration of the cristae of the semicircular canals and of the maculae of the utriculi and sacculi, while behavioural and vestibulo\u2010ocular reflex testing showed that vestibular function was completely absent. However, the histology of Scarpa's ganglia and the vestibular nerves was normal in mutant mice, indicating the presence of intact central pathways. Using X\u2010ray and high\u2010speed cineradiography, we compared resting postures and locomotion patterns between these vestibularly deficient mice and vestibularly normal mice (wild\u2010type and IsK<jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>). The absence of vestibular function did not affect resting posture but had profound effects on locomotion. At rest, the S\u2010shaped, sagittal posture of the vertebral column was the same for wild\u2010type and mutant mice. Both held the head with the atlanto\u2010occipital joint fully flexed, the cervico\u2010thoracic junction fully flexed, and the cervical column upright. Wild\u2010type mice extended the head and vertebral column and could walk in a straight line. In marked contrast, locomotion in vestibularly deficient mice was characterized by circling episodes, during which the vertebral column maintained an S\u2010shaped posture. Thus, vestibular information is not required to control resting posture but is mandatory for normal locomotion. We propose that vestibular inputs are required to signal the completion of a planned trajectory because mutant mice continued rotating after changing heading direction. Our findings support the hypothesis that vertebrates limit the number of degrees of freedom to be controlled by adopting just a few of the possible skeletal configurations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.063883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,9]],"date-time":"2004-07-09T00:15:25Z","timestamp":1089332125000},"page":"625-638","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Postural and locomotor control in normal and vestibularly deficient mice"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"559","author":[{"given":"P.\u2010P.","family":"Vidal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Degallaix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Josset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.\u2010P.","family":"Gasc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. 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