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SND, phrenic nerve discharge (PND) and putative sympathoexcitatory vasomotor neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) were recorded in anaesthetized sino\u2010aortic denervated and vagotomized rats. Hypercapnia (end\u2010expiratory CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>from 5% to 10%) increased SND (97 \u00b1 6%) and the activity of RVLM neurons (67 \u00b1 4%). Injection of kynurenic acid (Kyn, ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist) into RVLM or the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) eliminated or reduced PND, respectively, but did not change the effect of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>on SND. Bilateral injection of Kyn or muscimol into the rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG\u2010pre\u2010B\u00f6tzinger region, also called CVLM) eliminated PND while increasing the stimulatory effect of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>on SND. Muscimol injection into commissural part of the solitary tract nucleus (commNTS) had no effect on PND or SND activation by CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. As expected, injection of Kyn into RVLM or muscimol into commNTS virtually blocked the effect of carotid body stimulation on SND in rats with intact carotid sinus nerves. In conclusion, CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>increases SND by activating RVLM sympathoexcitatory neurons. The relevant central chemoreceptors are probably located within or close to RVLM and not in the NTS or in the rVRG\u2010pre\u2010B\u00f6tzinger\/CVLM region. RVLM sympathoexcitatory neurons may be intrinsically pH\u2010sensitive and\/or receive excitatory synaptic inputs from RTN chemoreceptors. Activation of the central respiratory network reduces the overall sympathetic response to CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, presumably by activating barosensitive CVLM neurons and inhibiting RTN chemoreceptors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.115600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,11]],"date-time":"2006-08-11T00:14:11Z","timestamp":1155255251000},"page":"369-386","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Central chemoreceptors and sympathetic vasomotor outflow"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"577","author":[{"given":"Thiago S.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Takakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Colombari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrice 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