{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T09:22:29Z","timestamp":1789809749375,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,4]],"date-time":"2007-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1178236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of central apnoea and periodic breathing is increased in the elderly. This implies that the chemical control of breathing might become less stable with ageing. To investigate this, we measured loop gain in healthy elderly individuals using proportional assist ventilation. Loop gain is an engineering term that describes the stability of a system controlled by feedback loops, such as the respiratory control system. A loop gain close to zero indicates a stable system, whereas a loop gain close to or greater than one indicates an unstable system. Eleven healthy elderly subjects were studied with a mean \u00b1<jats:sc>s.d.<\/jats:sc> age and body mass index (BMI) of 71 \u00b1 5 years and 25 \u00b1 3 kg m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>, respectively. We also studied a small group of elderly individuals with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) for comparison (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 3, age 68 \u00b1 1 years, BMI 32 \u00b1 11 kg m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>). Comparisons were made with previously studied young individuals (age 27 \u00b1 4 years, BMI 23 \u00b1 1 kg m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>). We found significantly lower loop gains in the healthy elderly group (loop gain \u2264 0.25) compared with the young group (loop gain \u2264 0.47, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.001). Also, we found quite low loop gains in the elderly OSA group (loop gain \u2264 0.26). We conclude that the chemical control of breathing does not become unstable with ageing and is thus an unlikely cause of central (and possibly obstructive) apnoeas in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.126409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,23]],"date-time":"2007-02-23T01:38:05Z","timestamp":1172194685000},"page":"291-298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Chemical control stability in the elderly"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"581","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Wellman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atul","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy S.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Schory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiva","family":"Gautam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108665"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.486"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/40.4.419"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.1.9706079"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.56.5.1143","article-title":"Effect of aging on ventilatory response to exercise and CO2","volume":"56","author":"Brischetto MJ","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.3.1074"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00039002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/36.4.420"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1961.16.1.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.5.2198","article-title":"Pattern of breathing and upper airway mechanics during wakefulness and sleep in healthy elderly humans","volume":"74","author":"Hudgel DW","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.77.5.2285","article-title":"Respiratory muscle activity during sleep\u2010induced periodic breathing in the elderly","volume":"77","author":"Hudgel DW","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/6.2.108","article-title":"Breathing during sleep in normal young and elderly subjects: hypopneas, apneas, and correlated factors","volume":"6","author":"Krieger J","year":"1983","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107363"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1517"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","first-page":"61S","article-title":"Effects of age on ventilatory drive response to CO2","volume":"110","author":"Mendez R","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.5.1929"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S164","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/19.suppl_10.164","article-title":"Ventilatory stability during sleep studied with proportional assist ventilation (PAV)","volume":"19","author":"Meza S","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.66.4.1956","article-title":"Effect of aging on estimates of hypercapnic ventilatory response during sleep","volume":"66","author":"Naifeh KH","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.72.3.985"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.64.3.1257","article-title":"Spectral analysis of ventilation in elderly subjects awake and asleep","volume":"64","author":"Pack AI","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","first-page":"387","article-title":"Effects of aging on ventilatory and occlusion pressure responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia","volume":"124","author":"Peterson DD","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1985.59.5.1607","article-title":"Ventilatory and arousal patterns during sleep in normal young and elderly subjects","volume":"59","author":"Shore ET","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.4.9903020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1974.37.6.899","article-title":"Periodic breathing during sleep","volume":"37","author":"Webb P","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200404-510OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00585.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.3.908"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.5.2007013"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.2006.126409","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.126409","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T13:35:51Z","timestamp":1697290551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.126409"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,4]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.126409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.126409","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3751","1469-7793"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3751","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7793","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,4]]}}}