{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:43:26Z","timestamp":1791989006608,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,6]],"date-time":"2007-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1181088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>During wakefulness, obstructive sleep apnoea patients appear to compensate for an anatomically narrow upper airway by increasing upper airway dilator muscle activity, e.g. genioglossus, at least partly via a negative\u2010pressure reflex that may be diminished in sleep. Previous studies have assessed the negative\u2010pressure reflex using multi\u2010unit, rectified, moving\u2010time\u2010average EMG recordings during brief pulses of negative upper\u2010airway pressure. However, moving\u2010time averaging probably obscures the true time\u2010related reflex morphology, potentially masking transient excitatory and inhibitory components. This study aimed to re\u2010examine the genioglossus negative\u2010pressure reflex in detail, without moving\u2010time averaging. Bipolar fine\u2010wire electrodes were inserted per orally into the genioglossus muscle in 17 healthy subjects. Two upper airway pressure catheters were inserted per nasally. Genioglossus EMG reflex responses were generated via negative\u2010pressure stimuli (\u223c\u221210 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O at the choanae, 250 ms duration) delivered during wakefulness and sleep. Ensemble\u2010averaged, rectified, genioglossus EMG recordings demonstrated reflex activation (onset latency 26 \u00b1 1 ms; peak amplitude 231 \u00b1 29% of baseline) followed by a previously unreported suppression (peak latency 71 \u00b1 4 ms; 67 \u00b1 8% of baseline). Single\u2010motor\u2010unit activity, clearly identifiable in \u223c10% of trials in six subjects, showed a concomitant increase in the interspike interval from baseline (26 \u00b1 9 ms, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.01). Genioglossus negative\u2010pressure reflex morphology and amplitude of the initial peak were maintained in non\u2010rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep but suppression amplitude was more pronounced during NREM and declined further during REM sleep compared to wakefulness. These data indicate there are both excitatory and inhibitory components to the genioglossus negative\u2010pressure reflex which are differentially affected by state.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.132332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,30]],"date-time":"2007-03-30T00:35:00Z","timestamp":1175214900000},"page":"1193-1205","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Genioglossus reflex inhibition to upper\u2010airway negative\u2010pressure stimuli during wakefulness and sleep in healthy males"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"581","author":[{"given":"Danny J.","family":"Eckert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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