{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T12:50:40Z","timestamp":1762865440949},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,19]],"date-time":"2008-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1227052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Pharyngeal patency is influenced by the surface tension (\u03b3) of the upper airway lining liquid (UAL), of which saliva is a major component. We investigated the influences of saliva production on \u03b3 of the UAL, and upper airway re\u2010opening and closing pressures. In 10 supine, male, anaesthetized, tracheostomised, mechanically ventilated New Zealand White rabbits, we measured re\u2010opening and closing of the passive isolated upper airway at baseline and following graded (cumulative) doses of methacholine or atropine. Upper airway liquid volume index (UALVI) was assessed using a standardized suction procedure (secretion weight obtained per second) expressed as the natural logarithm (LnUALVI). The \u03b3 of UAL samples were measured using the \u2018pull\u2010off\u2019 force technique. Across all animals, baseline values were: LnUALVI \u22126.2 (\u22128.6 to \u22125.4) median (interquartile range), \u03b3 of UAL 58.9 (56.6\u201359.9) mN m<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, re\u2010opening 8.6 (6.9\u201311.1) cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O, and closing pressures 3.2 (1.8\u20135.7) cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O. LnUALVI increased by \u223c0.17 per \u03bcg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> methacholine and decreased by \u223c0.14 per 100 \u03bcg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> atropine (both <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.03, linear mixed effects modelling). Surface tension was unchanged by methacholine but increased by \u223c0.6 mN m<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> per 100 \u03bcg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> atropine (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.004). When data were analysed across all animals, both re\u2010opening and closing pressures increased as surface tension increased (by \u223c0.4 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O mN<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and by \u223c0.7 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O mN<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, respectively; both <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). We conclude that saliva production influences upper airway mechanical properties partly via alterations in \u03b3 of UAL. We speculate that in obstructive sleep apnoea, altered autonomic activity may reduce saliva production and increase surface tension of the upper airway lining liquid, thus increasing the likelihood of upper airway obstruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.159822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,26]],"date-time":"2008-09-26T00:24:44Z","timestamp":1222388684000},"page":"5537-5547","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Saliva production and surface tension: influences on patency of the passive upper airway"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"586","author":[{"given":"J. C. 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