{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:25:25Z","timestamp":1791156325755,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,14]],"date-time":"2013-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1371168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>By virtue of their smaller lung volumes and airway diameters, women develop more mechanical ventilatory constraints during exercise, which may result in increased vulnerability to hypoxaemia during exercise.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Hypoxaemia developed at all exercise intensities with varying patterns and was more common in aerobically trained subjects; however, some untrained women also developed hypoxaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Mechanical respiratory constraints directly lead to hypoxaemia in some women and prevent adequate reversal of hypoxaemia in most women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Experimentally reversing mechanical constraints with heliox gas partially reversed the hypoxaemia in subjects who developed expiratory flow limitation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Due in part to increased mechanical ventilatory constraints, the respiratory system's response to exercise is less than ideal in most women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Abstract\u2002<\/jats:bold> The purpose of this study was to characterize exercise\u2010induced arterial hypoxaemia (EIAH), pulmonary gas exchange and respiratory mechanics during exercise, in young healthy women. We defined EIAH as a &gt;10 mmHg decrease in arterial oxygen tension (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/TJP_5693_mu1.gif\" xlink:title=\"inline image\"\/>) during exercise compared to rest. We used a heliox inspirate to test the hypothesis that mechanical constraints contribute to EIAH. Subjects with a spectrum of aerobic capacities (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 30; maximal oxygen consumption (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/TJP_5693_mu2.gif\" xlink:title=\"inline image\"\/>) = 49 \u00b1 1, range 28\u201362 ml kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) completed a stepwise treadmill test and a subset (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 18 with EIAH) completed a constant load test (\u223c85%<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/TJP_5693_mu3.gif\" xlink:title=\"inline image\"\/>) with heliox gas. Throughout exercise arterial blood gases, oxyhaemoglobin saturation (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/TJP_5693_mu4.gif\" xlink:title=\"inline image\"\/>), the work of breathing (WOB) and expiratory flow limitation (EFL) were assessed. Twenty of the 30 women developed EIAH with a nadir <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/TJP_5693_mu5.gif\" xlink:title=\"inline image\"\/> and <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/TJP_5693_mu6.gif\" xlink:title=\"inline image\"\/> ranging from 58 to 88 mmHg and 87 to 96%, respectively. At maximal exercise, <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/TJP_5693_mu7.gif\" xlink:title=\"inline image\"\/> was inversely related to <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/TJP_5693_mu8.gif\" xlink:title=\"inline image\"\/> (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>=\u20130.57, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) with notable exceptions where some subjects with low aerobic fitness levels demonstrated EIAH. Subjects with EIAH had a greater <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/TJP_5693_mu9.gif\" xlink:title=\"inline image\"\/> (51 \u00b1 1 <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 43 \u00b1 2 ml kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), lower end\u2010exercise <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/TJP_5693_mu10.gif\" xlink:title=\"inline image\"\/> (93.2 \u00b1 0.5 <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 96.1 \u00b1 0.3%) and a greater maximal energetic WOB (324 \u00b1 19 <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 247 \u00b1 23 J min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), but had similar resting pulmonary function compared to those without EIAH. Most subjects developed EIAH at submaximal exercise intensities, with distinct patterns of hypoxaemia. In some subjects with varying aerobic fitness levels, mechanical ventilatory constraints (i.e. EFL) were the primary mechanism associated with the hypoxaemia during the maximal test. Mechanical ventilatory constraints also prevented adequate compensatory alveolar hyperventilation in most EIAH subjects. Minimizing mechanical ventilatory constraints with heliox inspiration partially reversed EIAH in subjects who developed EFL. In conclusion, healthy women of all aerobic fitness levels can develop EIAH and begin to do so at submaximal intensities. Mechanical ventilatory constraints are a primary mechanism for EIAH in some healthy women and prevent reversal of hypoxaemia in women for whom it is not the primary mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.252767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]],"date-time":"2013-04-16T01:46:13Z","timestamp":1366076773000},"page":"3017-3034","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Exercise\u2010induced arterial hypoxaemia and the mechanics of breathing in healthy young women"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"591","author":[{"given":"Paolo B.","family":"Dominelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glen E.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio S.","family":"Dominelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William R.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Koehle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald C.","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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