{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:06:12Z","timestamp":1791252372606,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,2]],"date-time":"2013-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In order to understand the underlying behaviour of neuronal circuit dynamics, it is necessary to monitor brain activity in the awake, behaving animal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Licking to obtain water reward is an approach that is often used to measure an animal's decision during reward\u2010based behaviour tasks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In head\u2010fixed mice, licking produces stereotyped brain motion that interferes with two\u2010photon calcium imaging of neuronal activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We describe a method to provide online optical correction of licking\u2010induced brain motion during two\u2010photon imaging using refocusing with an electrically tunable lens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Online correction of licking\u2010induced brain motion improves the measurement of neuronal activity during reward\u2010based behaviour.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Abstract\u2002<\/jats:bold> Two\u2010photon calcium imaging in awake, head\u2010fixed animals enables the measurement of neuronal activity during behaviour. Often, licking for the retrieval of water reward is used as a measurable report of the animal's decision during reward\u2010driven behaviour. However, licking behaviour can induce severe motion artifacts that interfere with two\u2010photon imaging of cellular activity. Here, we describe a simple method for the online correction of licking\u2010induced focus shifts for two\u2010photon calcium imaging of neocortical neurons in the head\u2010fixed mouse. We found that licking causes a stereotyped drop of neocortical tissue, shifting neurons up to 20 \u03bcm out of focus. Based on the measurement of licking with a piezo film sensor, we developed a feedback model, which provides a corrective signal for fast optical focus adjustments with an electrically tunable lens. Using online correction with this feedback model, we demonstrate a reduction of licking\u2010related focus changes below 3 \u03bcm, minimizing motion artifact contamination of cellular calcium signals. Focus correction with a tunable lens is a simple and effective method to improve the ability to monitor neuronal activity during reward\u2010based behaviour.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.259804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,13]],"date-time":"2013-08-13T01:29:36Z","timestamp":1376357376000},"page":"4689-4698","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Online correction of licking\u2010induced brain motion during two\u2010photon imaging with a tunable lens"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"591","author":[{"given":"Jerry L.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver A.","family":"Pf\u00e4ffli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian F.","family":"Voigt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David 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