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When stimulated these receptors initiate compensatory respiratory and cardiovascular reflexes to maintain homeostasis. Thus, in response to low oxygen (hypoxia) or increased CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/H<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>(acid hypercapnia), chemoreceptor type I cells depolarize and release excitatory neurotransmitters, such as ATP, which stimulate postsynaptic P2X2\/3 receptors on afferent nerve terminals. The afferent discharge is shaped by autocrine and paracrine mechanisms involving both excitatory and inhibitory neuromodulators such as adenosine, serotonin (5\u2010HT), GABA and dopamine. Recent evidence suggests that paracrine activation of P2Y2 receptors on adjacent glia\u2010like type II cells may help boost the ATP signal via the opening of pannexin\u20101 channels. The presence of an inhibitory efferent innervation, mediated by release of nitric oxide, provides additional control of the afferent discharge. The broad array of neuromodulators and their receptors appears to endow the carotid body with a remarkable plasticity, most apparent during natural and pathophysiological conditions associated with chronic sustained and intermittent hypoxia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.269829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,25]],"date-time":"2014-03-25T05:25:03Z","timestamp":1395725103000},"page":"3419-3426","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Synaptic and paracrine mechanisms at carotid body arterial chemoreceptors"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"592","author":[{"given":"Colin A.","family":"Nurse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology McMaster University 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton Ontario L8S 4K1 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2007.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2012.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2007.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1672-06.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-2259-2_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01617.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00135.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)07360-0","article-title":"Is there chemical transmission at chemoreceptors?","volume":"6","author":"Douglas WW","year":"1954","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2007.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.57.4.931"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.048298"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(00)00091-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004240100610"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1994.74.4.829"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_16_1","first-page":"400","article-title":"Sinus carotidien et reflexes respiratoires II. 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