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The discovery of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) as a key regulator of renal phosphate handling and activation of vitamin\u00a0D has revolutionized our comprehension of phosphate homeostasis. Through as yet undetermined mechanisms, circulating and dietary phosphate appear to have a direct effect on FGF23 release by bone cells that, in turn, causes renal phosphate excretion and decreases intestinal phosphate absorption through a decrease in vitamin\u00a0D production. Thus, the two major phosphaturic hormones, PTH and FGF23, have opposing effects on vitamin\u00a0D production, placing vitamin\u00a0D at the nexus of phosphate homeostasis. While our understanding of phosphate homeostasis has advanced, the factors determining regulation of serum phosphate level remain enigmatic. Diet, time of day, season, gender, age and genetics have all been identified as significant contributors to serum phosphate level. The effects of these factors on serum phosphate have major implications for what is understood as \u2018normal\u2019 and for studies of phosphate homeostasis and metabolism. Moreover, other hormonal mediators such as dopamine, insulin\u2010like growth factor, and angiotensin II also affect renal handling of phosphate. How the major hormone effects on phosphate handling are regulated and how the effect of these other factors are integrated to yield the measurable serum phosphate are only now beginning to be studied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.273979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,28]],"date-time":"2014-06-28T00:23:04Z","timestamp":1403914984000},"page":"3985-3995","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"title":["Regulation of serum phosphate"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"592","author":[{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Lederer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Services, Robley Rex VA Medical Center Department of Medicine University of Louisville School of Medicine  Louisville KY 40202 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F114","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1990.258.6.F1592","article-title":"Insulin stimulates phosphate transport in opossum kidney epithelial cells","volume":"258","author":"Abraham MI","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/81664"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.140.4.1544"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2003.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000338483"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.9.5372"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F323","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1993.265.2.F323","article-title":"Thyroid hormone stimulates the Na+\u2013PO4 symporter but not the Na+\u2013SO4 symporter in renal brush border","volume":"265","author":"Beers KW","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2705"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-006-0087-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118453926.ch29"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2011.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197205182862009"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1587"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.137"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00331.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F712","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1989.257.5.F712","article-title":"Insulin\u2010like growth factor I stimulates Na\u2010dependent Pi transport in cultured kidney cells","volume":"257","author":"Caverzasio J","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-127-1-453"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0440"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_3_20_1","first-page":"S152","article-title":"Ageing and changes in phosphate transport: clinical implications","volume":"23","author":"Cirillo M","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nephrol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034764"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.231001"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00259.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02640310"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1246182"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E616","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1984.247.5.E616","article-title":"Insulin stimulates Pi transport in brush border vesicles from proximal tubular segments","volume":"247","author":"Hammerman MR","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F471","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1982.243.5.F471","article-title":"Effect of respiratory alkalosis on renal phosphate excretion","volume":"243","author":"Hoppe A","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_29_1","first-page":"120","article-title":"Alterations of bone and mineral metabolism in diabetes mellitus. 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