{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:49:36Z","timestamp":1787237376775,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]],"date-time":"2014-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of P.R. China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["30971424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30971424"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of P.R. 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Thus, the development of pain therapy to effectively drive descending inhibition alone, without the confounding influences of facilitation is a challenge. To address this issue we investigated the effects of intramuscular stimulation with a heating\u2010needle on spinal nociception, assessed by measuring nociceptive paw withdrawal reflex in rats. Additionally, involvement of the thalamic \u2018nociceptive discriminators\u2019 (thalamic mediodorsal (MD) and ventromedial (VM) nuclei), and opioid\u2010mediated mechanisms were further explored. Descending facilitation and inhibition were elicited by 46\u00b0C noxious heating\u2010needle stimulation, and were regulated by thalamic MD and VM nuclei, respectively. In contrast, innocuous heating\u2010needle stimulation at a temperature of 43\u00b0C elicited descending inhibition modulated by the thalamic VM nucleus alone. Microinjection of \u03bc\/\u03b4\/\u03ba\u2010opioid receptor antagonists \u03b2\u2010funaltrexamine hydrochloride\/naltrindole\/nor\u2010binaltorphimine, into the VM nucleus attenuated the 46\u00b0C intramuscular heating\u2010needle stimulation\u2010evoked descending inhibition, whereas treatment of the MD nucleus with \u03b2\u2010funaltrexamine hydrochloride significantly decreased the descending facilitation. By contrast, descending inhibition evoked by 43\u00b0C heating\u2010needle stimulation was only depressed by naltrindole, as opposed to \u03bc\u2010 and \u03ba\u2010opioid receptor antagonists, which failed to influence descending inhibition. The present study reveals distinct roles of \u03bc\u2010opioid receptors in the function of thalamic MD and VM nuclei, which exert facilitatory and inhibitory actions on nociception. Furthermore, innocuous, but not noxious, intramuscular heating\u2010needle stimulation targeting \u03b4\u2010opioid receptors is suggested to be a promising avenue for the effective inhibition of pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.275800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,19]],"date-time":"2014-07-19T02:42:20Z","timestamp":1405737740000},"page":"4365-4380","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Influence of intramuscular heat stimulation on modulation of nociception: complex role of central opioid receptors in descending facilitation and inhibition"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"592","author":[{"given":"Hao\u2010Jun","family":"You","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research on Pain (CBRP) College of Medicine Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710061 P.R. 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