{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:38:01Z","timestamp":1790519881247,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,18]],"date-time":"2014-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["HL102310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL102310"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["HL088052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL088052"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["T32 HL07446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 HL07446"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"><jats:list-item><jats:p>At normal resting mean arterial pressure (MAP), sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) mostly consists of respiratory and cardiac rhythmic bursts of action potentials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>In animal models of sympathetic hyperactivity, elevated SNA and MAP become reliant on activity of neurones in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>Dehydrated (DH) rats (48\u00a0h water deprived) were used as a model of sympathetic hyperactivity. As expected, acute PVN inhibition reduced MAP and integrated splanchnic SNA (sSNA) in DH rats, but had no effect in euhydrated controls. Unexpectedly, the fall of sSNA in DH rats was due to a reduction of irregular, tonic activity as neither respiratory nor cardiac rhythmic bursting was significantly affected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>We conclude that MAP is largely maintained during dehydration by PVN\u2010driven tonic SNA and speculate that a normally quiescent tonic component of SNA might also be recruited in chronic diseases (hypertension, heart failure, obesity) where PVN activation drives sympathetic hyperactivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Resting sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) consists primarily of respiratory and cardiac rhythmic bursts of action potentials. During homeostatic challenges such as dehydration, the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is activated and drives SNA in support of arterial pressure (AP). Given that PVN neurones project to brainstem cardio\u2010respiratory regions that generate bursting patterns of SNA, we sought to determine the contribution of PVN to support of rhythmic bursting of SNA during dehydration and to elucidate which bursts dominantly contribute to maintenance of AP. Euhydrated (EH) and dehydrated (DH) (48\u00a0h water deprived) rats were anaesthetized, bilaterally vagotomized and underwent acute PVN inhibition by bilateral injection of the GABA\u2010A receptor agonist muscimol (0.1\u00a0nmol in 50\u00a0nl). Consistent with previous studies, muscimol had no effect in EH rats (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a06), but reduced mean AP (MAP;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and integrated splanchnic SNA (sSNA;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) in DH rats (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a06). Arterial pulse pressure was unaffected in both groups. Muscimol reduced burst frequency of phrenic nerve activity (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) equally in both groups without affecting the burst amplitude\u2013duration integral (i.e. area under the curve). PVN inhibition did not affect the amplitude of the inspiratory peak, expiratory trough or expiratory peak of sSNA in either group, but reduced cardiac rhythmic sSNA in DH rats only (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). The latter was largely reversed by inflating an aortic cuff to restore MAP (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05), suggesting that the muscimol\u2010induced reduction of cardiac rhythmic sSNA in DH rats was an indirect effect of reducing MAP and thus arterial baroreceptor input. We conclude that MAP is largely maintained in anaesthetized DH rats by a PVN\u2010driven component of sSNA that is neither respiratory nor cardiac rhythmic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.276261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,28]],"date-time":"2014-06-28T04:23:04Z","timestamp":1403929384000},"page":"3783-3799","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Blood pressure is maintained during dehydration by hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus\u2010driven tonic sympathetic nerve activity"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"592","author":[{"given":"Walter W.","family":"Holbein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 7703 Floyd Curl Drive San Antonio TX 78229 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan E.","family":"Bardgett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University of Texas 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