{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T13:58:54Z","timestamp":1792331934751,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]],"date-time":"2014-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RO1-EY12814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1-EY12814"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We quantify both spontaneous and stimulus\u2010driven responses of interneurons in lobules X (nodulus) and IXc,d (ventral uvula) of the caudal vermis during vestibular stimulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Based on baseline firing, at least three types of neuronal populations could be distinguished.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>First, there was a group of very regular firing neurons with high mean discharge rates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Second, there was a group of low firing neurons with a range of discharge regularity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Third, we also encountered putative interneurons with discharge regularity and mean firing rates that were indistinguishable from those of physiologically identified Purkinje cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The vestibular responses of putative interneurons were generally similar to those of Purkinje cells, thus encoding tilt, translation or mixtures of these signals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Mossy fibres showed unprocessed, otolith afferent\u2010like properties.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cerebellar cortex is among the brain's most well\u2010studied circuits and includes distinct classes of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons. Several studies have attempted to characterize the <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> properties of cerebellar interneurons, yet little is currently known about their stimulus\u2010driven properties. Here we quantify both spontaneous and stimulus\u2010driven responses of interneurons in lobules X (nodulus) and IXc,d (ventral uvula) of the macaque caudal vermis during vestibular stimulation. Interneurons were identified as cells located &gt;100\u00a0\u03bcm from the Purkinje cell layer that did not exhibit complex spikes. Based on baseline firing, three types of interneurons could be distinguished. First, there was a group of very regular firing interneurons with high mean discharge rates, which consistently encoded tilt, rather than translational head movements. Second, there was a group of low firing interneurons with a range of discharge regularity. This group had more diverse vestibular properties, where most were translation\u2010selective and a few tilt\u2010 or gravitoinertial acceleration\u2010selective. Third, we also encountered interneurons that were similar to Purkinje cells in terms of discharge regularity and mean firing rate. This group also encoded mixtures of tilt and translation signals. A few mossy fibres showed unprocessed, otolith afferent\u2010like properties, encoding the gravitoinertial acceleration. We conclude that tilt\u2010 and translation\u2010selective signals, which reflect neural computations transforming vestibular afferent information, are not only encountered in Purkinje cell responses. Instead, upstream interneurons within the cerebellar cortex are also characterized by similar properties, thus implying a widespread network computation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.278523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,9]],"date-time":"2014-11-09T11:11:36Z","timestamp":1415531496000},"page":"321-330","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["<i>In vivo<\/i> properties of cerebellar interneurons in the macaque caudal vestibular vermis"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"593","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Baylor College of Medicine  Houston TX 77030 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Laurens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Washington University School of Medicine  St Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo M.","family":"Bl\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Washington University School of Medicine  St Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dora E.","family":"Angelaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Baylor College of Medicine  Houston TX 77030 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.99068"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.84.4.2113"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.73.4.1716","article-title":"Lesion of the nodulus and ventral uvula abolish steady\u2010state off\u2010vertical axis otolith response","volume":"73","author":"Angelaki DE","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.73.5.1729","article-title":"Inertial representation of angular motion in the vestibular system of rhesus monkeys. 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