{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T04:15:16Z","timestamp":1789791316897,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,22]],"date-time":"2015-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The taste receptor T1R1\u00a0+\u00a0T1R3 heterodimer and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) may function as umami taste receptors.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Here, we used mGluR4 knockout (mGluR4\u2010KO) mice and examined the function of mGluR4 in peripheral taste responses of mice.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            The mGluR4\u2010KO mice showed reduced responses to glutamate and\n                            <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                            \u2010AP4 (mGluR4 agonist) in the chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves without affecting responses to other taste stimuli.\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Residual glutamate responses in mGluR4\u2010KO mice were suppressed by gurmarin (T1R3 blocker) and AIDA (group I mGluR antagonist).<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The present study not only provided functional evidence for the involvement of mGluR4 in umami taste responses, but also suggested contributions of T1R1\u00a0+\u00a0T1R3 and mGluR1 receptors in glutamate responses.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Umami taste is elicited by\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      \u2010glutamate and some other amino acids and is thought to be initiated by G\u2010protein\u2010coupled receptors. Proposed umami receptors include heterodimers of taste receptor type 1, members 1 and 3 (T1R1\u00a0+\u00a0T1R3), and metabotropic glutamate receptors 1 and 4 (mGluR1 and mGluR4). Accumulated evidences support the involvement of T1R1\u00a0+\u00a0T1R3 in umami responses in mice. However, little is known about the\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      function of mGluR in umami taste. Here, we examined taste responses of the chorda tympani (CT) and the glossopharyngeal (GL) nerves in wild\u2010type mice and mice genetically lacking mGluR4 (mGluR4\u2010KO). Our results indicated that compared to wild\u2010type mice, mGluR4\u2010KO mice showed significantly smaller gustatory nerve responses to glutamate and\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      \u2010(+)\u20102\u2010amino\u20104\u2010phosphonobutyrate (an agonist for group III mGluR) in both the CT and GL nerves without affecting responses to other taste stimuli. Residual glutamate responses in mGluR4\u2010KO mice were not affected by (\n                      <jats:italic>RS<\/jats:italic>\n                      )\u2010alpha\u2010cyclopropyl\u20104\u2010phosphonophenylglycine (an antagonist for group III mGluR), but were suppressed by gurmarin (a T1R3 blocker) in the CT and (\n                      <jats:italic>RS<\/jats:italic>\n                      )\u20101\u2010aminoindan\u20101,5\u2010dicarboxylic acid (an antagonist for group I mGluR) in the CT and GL nerve. In wild\u2010type mice, both quisqualic acid (an agonist for group I mGluR) and\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      \u2010(+)\u20102\u2010amino\u20104\u2010phosphonobutyrate elicited gustatory nerve responses and these responses were suppressed by addition of (\n                      <jats:italic>RS<\/jats:italic>\n                      )\u20101\u2010aminoindan\u20101,5\u2010dicarboxylic acid and (\n                      <jats:italic>RS<\/jats:italic>\n                      )\u2010alpha\u2010cyclopropyl\u20104\u2010phosphonophenylglycine, respectively. Collectively, the present study provided functional evidences for the involvement of mGluR4 in umami taste responses in mice. The results also suggest that T1R1\u00a0+\u00a0T1R3 and mGluR1 are involved in umami taste responses in mice. Thus, umami taste would be mediated by multiple receptors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.284703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,22]],"date-time":"2014-12-22T05:28:11Z","timestamp":1419226091000},"page":"1021-1034","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Involvement of multiple taste receptors in umami taste: analysis of gustatory nerve responses in metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 knockout mice"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"593","author":[{"given":"Keiko","family":"Yasumatsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Sciences Kyushu University  3\u20101\u20101 Maidashi, Higashi\u2010ku Fukuoka 812\u20108582 Japan"},{"name":"Division of Sensory Physiology, Research and Development Center for Taste and Odor Sensing Kyushu University  Fukuoka 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