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Whether exercise can be used as an intervention to reverse the vascular phenotype of this susceptible population is unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Aerobic exercise training enhanced endothelium\u2010derived hyperpolarization\u2010mediated vasodilatation in gastrocnemius muscle arteries in male IUGR offspring, and did not improve nitric oxide\u2010mediated vasodilatation in IUGR offspring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Understanding the mechanisms by which exercise impacts the cardiovascular system in a susceptible population and the consideration of sexual dimorphism is essential to define whether exercise could be used as a preventive strategy in this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hypoxia <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic> is a critical insult causing intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Adult offspring born with hypoxia\u2010induced IUGR have impaired endothelium\u2010dependent vascular function. We tested whether aerobic exercise improves IUGR\u2010induced endothelial dysfunction. Pregnant Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were exposed to control (21% oxygen) or hypoxic (11% oxygen) conditions from gestational day 15 to 21. Male and female offspring from normoxic and hypoxic (IUGR) pregnancies were randomized at 10\u00a0weeks of age to either an exercise\u2010trained or sedentary group. Exercise\u2010trained rats ran on a treadmill for 30\u00a0min at 20\u00a0m\u00a0min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, 5\u00a0deg gradient, 5\u00a0days\u00a0week<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, for 6\u00a0weeks. Concentration\u2013response curves to phenylephrine and methylcholine were performed in second order mesenteric and gastrocnemius muscle arteries, in the presence or absence of <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010NAME (100\u00a0\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>), MnTBAP (peroxynitrite scavenger; 10\u00a0\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>), apamin (0.1\u00a0\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>) and TRAM\u201034 (an intermediate\u2010conductance calcium\u2010activated potassium channel blocker; 10\u00a0\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>), or indomethacin (5\u00a0\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>). In adult male IUGR offspring, prenatal hypoxia had no effect on total vasodilator responses in either vascular bed. Aerobic exercise training in IUGR males, however, improved endothelium\u2010derived hyperpolarization (EDH)\u2010mediated vasodilatation in gastrocnemius muscle arteries. Female IUGR offspring had reduced NO\u2010mediated vasodilatation in both vascular beds, along with decreased total vasodilator responses and increased prostaglandin\u2010mediated vasoconstriction in gastrocnemius muscle arteries. In contrast to males, aerobic exercise training in IUGR female offspring had no effect on either vascular bed. Exercise may not prove to be a beneficial therapy for specific vascular pathways affected by prenatal hypoxia, particularly in female offspring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.288449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,23]],"date-time":"2015-01-23T13:12:35Z","timestamp":1422018755000},"page":"1913-1929","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Vascular effects of aerobic exercise training in rat adult offspring exposed to hypoxia\u2010induced intrauterine growth restriction"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"593","author":[{"given":"Laura M.","family":"Reyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Women and Children's Health Research Institute University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta 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