{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T04:59:40Z","timestamp":1780721980632,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1970,12,1]],"date-time":"1970-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":28857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1970,12]]},"abstract":"1. Axons perfused with a K\u2010free solution containing 300 m\nM<\/jats:sc>\u2010NaF + sucrose to maintain isotonicity (referred to as 300 m\nM<\/jats:sc>\u2010NaF) and placed in K\u2010free artificial sea\u2010water usually depolarized spontaneously to around 0 mV. The membrane could be hyperpolarized to \u221270 to \u2212100 mV with a small inwardly directed current; in one experiment the holding current was measured and was found to be less than 20 \u03bcA\/cm2<\/jats:sup>.<\/jats:p>2. Membrane currents associated with a step depolarization from a potential which varied from \u221270 to \u2212100 mV showed three phases: (a<\/jats:italic>) an initial capacitative transient, (b<\/jats:italic>) an early current which was inward for small depolarizations and outward for large ones, (c<\/jats:italic>) a smaller maintained current. The currents in (b<\/jats:italic>) and (c<\/jats:italic>) are considered to be carried by Na ions since they both reversed direction at the same potential which was on the average within 0\u00b73 mV of the equilibrium potential for Na ions, 10\u00b74 mV at 0\u00b0 C and 11 mV at 16\u00b75\u00b0 C, as estimated from measurements made with a cation\u2010sensitive glass electrode.<\/jats:p>3. The instantaneous current\u2014voltage relation was determined at the time of peak current and at the end of a long prepulse when the current had reached a steady level. In both cases the curve was approximately linear with a slight deviation at negative potentials.<\/jats:p>4. Prepulses, lasting 11\u201348 msec, to a potential of 33\u201364 mV (0\u20133\u00b75\u00b0 C) produced a shift in the equilibrium potential of 0\u00b76\u20133\u00b73 mV. This small change can be accounted for by assuming that Na ions accumulate in the Frankenhaeuser\u2014Hodgkin space.<\/jats:p>5. Both peak and steady\u2010state components of Na current were blocked by tetrodotoxin (10\u22127<\/jats:sup> g\/ml.) in the external solution.<\/jats:p>6. The values of peak and steady\u2010state Na conductance were strongly voltage\u2010dependent for V<\/jats:italic> less than \u221220 mV; for V<\/jats:italic> more negative than \u221240 mV the peak and steady\u2010state values increased e\u2010fold for a change in potential of 4 and 6\u20138 mV respectively. At positive potentials the peak conductance was relatively independent of potential, whereas the steady\u2010state curve showed an increase; at 50 mV the steady\u2010state conductance was on the average 0\u00b744 times the peak value for temperatures \u22120\u00b73 to 4\u00b0 C and 0\u00b724 times the peak value for a temperature of 16\u00b75\u00b0 C.<\/jats:p>7. Following an 18\u2013164 min perfusion period with 300 m\nM<\/jats:sc>\u2010NaF, the delayed K currents with 300 m\nM<\/jats:sc>\u2010KF were reduced in amplitude to less than one\u2010tenth the initial level. This apparent removal of the delayed rectifier was not accompanied by any significant change in either the relation between peak early current and voltage or the associated equilibrium potential.<\/jats:p>8. In an experiment in which tetrodotoxin was used to block the early channel, K currents were determined before and after NaF perfusion. In both cases the kinetics on depolarization followed the Hodgkin\u2014Huxley n<\/jats:italic>4<\/jats:sup> relationship and the rate constants were similar, although after NaF perfusion the amplitude was reduced to 0\u00b707 times the control level.<\/jats:p>9. In axons perfused with 300 m\nM<\/jats:sc>\u2010KF, following removal of the delayed rectifier by 300 m\nM<\/jats:sc>\u2010NaF, the ratio of steady\u2010state Na current: peak Na current was estimated to be about half the value obtained with NaF. A similar decrease was obtained in an axon which was perfused with 300 m\nM<\/jats:sc>\u2010CsF; on subsequent perfusion with 300 m\nM<\/jats:sc>\u2010KF, following 35 min with CsF, about half the original delayed current was present.<\/jats:p>10. The general conclusion is that in axons perfused with 300 m\nM<\/jats:sc>\u2010NaF the Na conductance is not fully inactivated by depolarizations which last for tens of milliseconds. The maintained component may underlie the plateau phase of long lasting action potentials which have been recorded under similar conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1970.sp009297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]],"date-time":"2014-12-19T11:28:38Z","timestamp":1418988518000},"page":"623-652","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Sodium and potassium currents in squid axons perfused with fluoride solutions"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"211","author":[{"given":"W. K.","family":"Chandler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Meves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1970,12]]},"container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1970.sp009297","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1970.sp009297","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T10:41:36Z","timestamp":1699440096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1970.sp009297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1970,12]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1970,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1113\/jphysiol.1970.sp009297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1970.sp009297","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3751","1469-7793"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3751","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7793","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1970,12]]}}}