{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T22:31:04Z","timestamp":1767652264378},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The chin bar of a motorcycle helmet protects the rider from facial and head injuries. To evaluate the protective performance of chin bars against head injuries from facial impacts, an explicit finite element method was used to simulate the Snell Memorial Foundation test and a proposed drop test. The maximum acceleration and Head Injury Criterion (HIC) were employed to assess the impact-absorbing capability of the chin bar. The results showed that the proposed approach should be more practical than the Snell test, and provided more information for improving the chin bar design to protect against head injuries. The shell stiffness was important in determining the protective ability of the chin bar, but a chin bar with only an outer shell and comfort foam offered inadequate protection. An energy-absorbing liner was essential to increase the protective performance of the chin bar and the liner density should be denser than that used in the cranial portion of the helmet. For the chin bar with energy-absorbing liner, a shell design that is less stiff would provide better protection. [S0148-0731(00)01206-1]<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1318905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:04:46Z","timestamp":1027760686000},"page":"640-646","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Head Injury in Facial Impact\u2014A Finite Element Analysis of Helmet Chin Bar Performance"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Chih-Han","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Tung","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guan-Liang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shyh-Chour","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung Institute of Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiou-Hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100603461696500_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson, G. S., Zador, P. L., and Wilks, A., 1980, \u201cThe Repeal of Helmet Use Laws and Increased Motorcyclist Mortality in the United States: 1975\u20131978,\u201d American J. Public Health, 70, pp. 579\u2013585.","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.70.6.579"},{"key":"2019100603461696500_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McSwain, Jr., N. E., and Petrucelli, E., 1984, \u201cMedical Consequences of Motorcycle Helmet Nonusage,\u201d J. Trauma, 24, pp. 233\u2013236.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198403000-00009"},{"key":"2019100603461696500_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, Y. J., Wang, J. D., and Huang, W. F., 1995, \u201cCase-Control Study of the Effectiveness of Different Types of Helmets for the Prevention of Head Injuries Among Motorcycle Riders in Taipei, Taiwan,\u201d Am. J. 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