{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:56:09Z","timestamp":1791615369482,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In vivo, tissue-level, mechanical thresholds for axonal injury were determined by comparing morphological injury and electrophysiological impairment to estimated tissue strain in an in vivo model of axonal injury. Axonal injury was produced by dynamically stretching the right optic nerve of an adult male guinea pig to one of seven levels of ocular displacement (Nlevel=10;Ntotal=70). Morphological injury was detected with neurofilament immunohistochemical staining (NF68, SMI32). Simultaneously, functional injury was determined by the magnitude of the latency shift of the N35 peak of the visual evoked potentials (VEPs) recorded before and after stretch. A companion set of in situ experiments Nlevel=5 was used to determine the empirical relationship between the applied ocular displacement and the magnitude of optic nerve stretch. Logistic regression analysis, combined with sensitivity and specificity measures and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to predict strain thresholds for axonal injury. From this analysis, we determined three Lagrangian strain-based thresholds for morphological damage to white matter. The liberal threshold, intended to minimize the detection of false positives, was a strain of 0.34, and the conservative threshold strain that minimized the false negative rate was 0.14. The optimal threshold strain criterion that balanced the specificity and sensitivity measures was 0.21. Similar comparisons for electrophysiological impairment produced liberal, conservative, and optimal strain thresholds of 0.28, 0.13, and 0.18, respectively. With these threshold data, it is now possible to predict more accurately the conditions that cause axonal injury in human white matter. [S0148-0731(00)00906-7]<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1324667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:04:46Z","timestamp":1027760686000},"page":"615-622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":482,"title":["Tissue-Level Thresholds for Axonal Damage in an Experimental Model of Central Nervous System White Matter Injury"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Allison C.","family":"Bain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, 120 Hayden Hall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6392"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David F.","family":"Meaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, 120 Hayden Hall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6392"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100602441930500_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sosin, D., Sniezek, J., and Waxweiler, R., 1995, \u201cTrends in Death Associated With Traumatic Brain Injury, 1979 Through 1992: Success and Failure,\u201d J. Am. Med. Assoc., 273, pp. 1778\u20131780.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.273.22.1778"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sosin, D., Sacks, J., and Smith, S., 1989, \u201cHead Injury\u2014Associated Deaths in the United States From 1979\u20131986,\u201d J. Am. Med. Assoc., 262, pp. 2251\u20132255.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.262.16.2251"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r3","unstructured":"Pope, A. M., and Tailor, A. R., 1991, Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda for Prevention, National Academy Press, Washington, DC."},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraus, J. F., Black, M. A., Hessol, N., Ley, P., Rokaw, W., Sullivan, C., Bowers, S., Knowlton, S., and Marshall, L., 1984, \u201cThe Incidence of Acute Brain Injury and Serious Impairment in a Defined Population,\u201d Am. J. Epidemiol., 119, pp. 186\u2013201.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113737"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sauaia, A., Moore, F. A., Moore, E. E., Moser, K. S., Brennan, R. A., and Pons, P. T., 1995, \u201cEpidemiology of Trauma Deaths: A Reassessment,\u201d J. Trauma: Inj., Infect., Crit. Care, 38, pp. 185\u2013193.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199502000-00006"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, J. H., Doyle, D., Ford, I., Gennarelli, T. A., and Graham, D. I., 1989, \u201cDiffuse Axonal Injury in Head Injury: Definition, Diagnosis and Grading,\u201d Histopathology, 15, pp. 49\u201359.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1989.tb03040.x"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gennarelli, T. A., Thibault, L. E., Adams, J. H., Graham, D. I., Thompson, C. J., and Marcinin, R. P., 1982, \u201cDiffuse Axonal Injury and Traumatic Coma in the Primate,\u201d Ann. Neurol., 12, pp. 564\u2013574.","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410120611"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r8","unstructured":"Gennarelli, T. A., Segawa, H., Wald, U., Czernicki, Z., Marsh, K., and Thompson, C., 1982, \u201cPhysiological Response to Angular Acceleration of the Head,\u201d in: Head Injury: Basic and Clinical Aspects, R. Grossman and P. Gildenberg, eds., Raven Press, New York, pp. 129\u2013140."},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r9","unstructured":"Adams, J. H., Gennarelli, T. A., Graham, D. I., Scott, G., and Thibault, L. E., 1983, \u201cDiffuse Axonal Head Injury in Non-Missile Head Injury,\u201d in: Advances in Neurotraumatology, R. Villiani, ed., Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp. 53\u201358."},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentleman, S. M., Roberts, G. W., Gennarelli, T. A., Maxwell, W. L., Adams, J. H., Kerr, S., and Graham, D. I., 1995, \u201cAxonal Injury: A Universal Consequence of Fatal Closed Head Injury?\u201d Acta Neuropathol. (Berl), 89, pp. 537\u2013543.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00571509"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gennarelli, T. A. , 1983, \u201cHead Injury in Man and Experimental Animals: Clinical Aspects,\u201d Acta Neurochir., 32, pp. 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-4147-2_1"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, J. H., Graham, D. I., and Gennarelli, T. A., 1981, \u201cAcceleration Induced Head Injury in the Monkey. II. Neuropathology,\u201d Acta Neuropathol. Suppl. (Berl), 7, pp. 26\u201328.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-81553-9_8"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, C., Khalil, T. B., and King, A. I., 1994, \u201cShear Stress Distribution in the Porcine Brain Due to Rotational Impact,\u201d in: Proc. 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE, Ft. Lauderdale, FL.","DOI":"10.4271\/942214"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruan, J. S., Khalil, T., and King, A. I., 1991, \u201cHuman Head Dynamic Response to Side Impact by Finite Element Modeling,\u201d ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 113, pp. 276\u2013283.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2894885"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r15","unstructured":"Mendis, K., 1992, \u201cFinite Element Modeling of the Brain to Establish Diffuse Axonal Injury Criteria,\u201d thesis, Ohio State University."},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, C. S., Lin, M. S., Huang, H. M., and Lee, M. C., 1993, \u201cFinite Element Analysis of Cerebral Contusion,\u201d J. Biomech., 27, pp. 187\u2013194.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)90208-9"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandak, F. A., and Eppinger, R. H., 1994, \u201cA Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of the Human Brain Under Combined Rotational and Translational Accelerations,\u201d in: Proc. 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE, Fort Lauderdale, FL.","DOI":"10.4271\/942215"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ueno, K., Melvin, J. W., Li, L., and Lighthall, J. W., 1995, \u201cDevelopment of Tissue Level Brain Injury Criteria by Finite Element Analysis,\u201d J. Neurotrauma, 12, pp. 695\u2013706.","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.695"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r19","unstructured":"Shreiber, D. I. and Meaney, D. F., 1998, \u201cFinite Element Analysis of Traumatic Brain Injury in the Rat,\u201d ASME J. Biomech. Eng., submitted."},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray, J. A. B., and Ritchie, J. M., 1954, \u201cEffects of Stretch on Single Myelinated Nerve Fibers,\u201d J. Physiol. (Lond), 124, pp. 84\u201399.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1954.sp005087"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galbraith, J. A., Thibault, L. E., and Matteson, D. R., 1993, \u201cMechanical and Electrical Responses of the Squid Giant Axon to Simple Elongation,\u201d ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 115, pp. 13\u201322.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2895464"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haftek, J. , 1970, \u201cStretch Injury of Peripheral Nerve,\u201d J. Bone Jt. Surg., Br. Vol., 52B, pp. 354\u2013365.","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.52B2.354"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koike, H. , 1987, \u201cThe Extensibility of Aplysia Nerve and the Determination of True Axon Length,\u201d J. Physiol. (Lond), 390, pp. 469\u2013487.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1987.sp016712"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r24","unstructured":"Saatman, K. E., 1993, \u201cAn Isolated Single Myelinated Nerve Fiber Model for the Biomechanics of Axonal Injury,\u201d thesis, University of Pennsylvania."},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margulies, S. S., and Thibault, L. E., 1992, \u201cA Proposed Tolerance Criterion for Diffuse Axonal Injury in Man,\u201d J. Biomech., 25, pp. 917\u2013923.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(92)90231-O"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaghmai, A., and Povlishock, J. T., 1992, \u201cTraumatically Induced Reactive Change as Visualized Through the Use of Monoclonal Antibodies Targeted to Neurofilament Subunits,\u201d J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 51, pp. 158\u2013176.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199203000-00006"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sternberger, L. A., and Sternberger, N. H., 1983, \u201cMonoclonal Antibodies Distinguish Phosphorylated and Nonphosphorylated Forms of Neurofilaments in situ,\u201d Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 80, pp. 6126\u20136130.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.19.6126"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross, D. T., Meaney, D. F., Sabol, M. K., Smith, D. H., and Gennarelli, T. A., 1994, \u201cDistribution of Forebrain Diffuse Axonal Injury Following Inertial Closed Head Injury in Miniature Swine,\u201d Exp. Neurol., 126, pp. 291\u2013299.","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1994.1067"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grady, M. S., McLaughlin, M. R., Christman, C. W., Valadka, A. B., Fligner, C. L., and Povlishock, J. T., 1993, \u201cThe Use of Antibodies Targeted Against the Neurofilament Subunits for the Detection of Diffuse Axonal Injury in Humans,\u201d J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 52, pp. 143\u2013152.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199303000-00007"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r30","unstructured":"Gultekin, S. H., and Smith, T. W., 1994, \u201cDiffuse Axonal Injury in Craniocerebral Trauma,\u201d Arch. Pathology Laboratory Medicine, 118, pp. 168\u2013171."},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sloan, K., Stevenson, J., and Bigbee, J., 1991, \u201cQualitative and Quantitative Comparison of the Distribution of Phosphorylated and Non-Phosphorlyated Neurofilament Epitopes Within Central and Peripheral Axons of Adult Hamster (Mesocricetus Auratus),\u201d Cell Tissue Res., 263, pp. 265\u2013270.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00318768"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenfield, J., Dorman, M. E., Griffin, J. W., Sternberger, L. A., Sternberger, N. H., and Price, D. L., 1987, \u201cDistribution of Neurofilament Antigens After Axonal Injury,\u201d J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 46, pp. 269\u2013282.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-198705000-00004"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomei, G., Spagnoli, D., Ducati, A., Landi, A., Villani, R., Fumagalli, G., Sala, C., and Gennarelli, T. A., 1990, \u201cMorphology and Neurophysiology of Focal Axonal Injury Experimentally Induced in the Guinea Pig Optic Nerve,\u201d Acta Neuropathologica, 80, pp. 506\u2013513.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00294611"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokol, S. , 1976, \u201cVisually Evoked Potentials: Theory, Techniques, and Clinical Applications,\u201d Surv. Ophthalmol., 21, pp. 18\u201344.","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(76)90046-1"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahapatra, A. K., and Bhatia, R., 1989, \u201cPredictive Value of Visual Evoked Potentials in Unilateral Optic Nerve Injury,\u201d Surg. Neurol., 31, pp. 339\u2013342.","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(89)90064-5"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harding, G. , 1984, \u201cA Flash of Light: A Personal Review of 21 Years of Study of the Electrical Activity of the Visual Pathway Beyond the Retina,\u201d Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt., 4, pp. 293\u2013304.","DOI":"10.1016\/0275-5408(84)90002-4"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gennarelli, T. A., Thibault, L. E., Tipperman, R., Tomei, G., Sergot, R., Brown, M., Maxwell, W. L., Graham, D. I., Adams, J. H., Irvine, A., Gennarelli, L. M., Duhaime, A. C., Boock, R., and Greenberg, J., 1989, \u201cAxonal Injury in the Optic Nerve: A Model Simulating Diffuse Injury in the Brain,\u201d J. Neurosurg., 71, pp. 244\u2013253.","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1989.71.2.0244"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Creel, D. J. , 1972, \u201cRetinogeniculostriate Projections in Guinea Pigs: Albino and Pigmented Strains Compared,\u201d Exp. Neurol., 36, pp. 411\u2013425.","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(72)90002-7"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Creel, D. J., Dustman, R. E., and Beck, E. C., 1973, \u201cVisually Evoked Responses in the Rat, Guinea Pig, Cat, Monkey, and Man,\u201d Exp. Neurol., 40, pp. 351\u2013366.","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(73)90079-4"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ducati, A., Fava, E., and Motti, E. D. F., 1988, \u201cNeuronal Generators of the Visual Evoked Potentials: Intracerebral Recording in Awake Humans,\u201d Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 71, pp. 89\u201399.","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(88)90010-X"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apaydin, C., Oguz, Y., Agar, A., Yargicoglu, P., Demir, N., and Aksu, G., 1993, \u201cVisual Evoked Potentials and Optic Nerve Histopathology in Normal and Diabetic Rates and Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Extract,\u201d Acta Ophthalmol., 71, pp. 623\u2013628.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1993.tb04651.x"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki, M., Sitizyo, K., Takeuchi, T., and Saito, T., 1991, \u201cVisual Evoked Potential From Scalp in Guinea Pigs,\u201d J. Veterinary Medicine Science, 53, pp. 301\u2013305.","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.53.301"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki, M., Sitizyo, K., Takeuchi, T., and Saito, T., 1991, \u201cChanges in the Visual Evoked Potentials With Different Photic Conditions in Guinea Pigs,\u201d J. Veterinary Medicine Science, 53, pp. 911\u2013915.","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.53.911"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeuchi, T., Suzuki, M., Sitizyo, K., Isobe, R., Saito, T., Umemura, T., and Shimada, A., 1992, \u201cVisual Evoked Potentials in Guinea Pigs With Brain Lesion,\u201d J. Veterinary Medicine Science, 54, pp. 813\u2013820.","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.54.813"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altman, D., 1991, Practical Statistics for Medical Research, Chapman & Hall, New York.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429258589"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swensen, S., Silverstein, M., Ilstrup, D., Schleck, C., and Edell, E., 1997, \u201cThe Probability of Malignancy in Solitary Pulmonary Nodules: Application to Small Radiologically Indeterminate Nodules,\u201d Arch. Internal Medicine, 157, pp. 849\u2013855.","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.157.8.849"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garber, B., Hebert, P., Wells, G., and Yelle, J., 1996, \u201cValidation of Trauma and Injury Severity Score in Blunt Trauma Patients by Using a Canadian Trauma Registry,\u201d J. Trauma, 40, pp. 733\u2013737.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199605000-00008"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shalev, A., Freedman, S., Peri, T., Brandes, D., and Sahar, T., 1997, \u201cPredicting PTSD in Trauma Survivors: Prospective Evaluation of Self-Report and Clinician-Administered Instruments,\u201d Br. J. Psychiatry, 170, pp. 558\u2013564.","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.170.6.558"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ukimura, O., Troncoso, P., Ramirez, E., and Babaian, R., 1998, \u201cProstate Cancer Staging: Correlation Between Ultrasound Determined Tumor Contact Length and Pathologically Confirmed Extraprostatic Extension,\u201d J. Urol., 159, pp. 1251\u20131259.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)63575-4"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varela, A., Bosco Lopez Saez, J., and Quintela Senra, D., 1997, \u201cSerum Ceruloplasmin as a Diagnostic Marker of Cancer,\u201d Cancer Lett., 121, pp. 139\u2013145.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(97)00340-6"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bytzer, P., Moller Hansen, J., Schaffalitzky de Muckadell, B., and Malchow-Moller, A., 1997, \u201cPredicting Endoscopic Diagnosis in the Dyspeptic Patient: The Value of Predictive Score Models,\u201d Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 32, pp. 118\u2013125.","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529709000181"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allaouchiche, B., Jaumain, H., Dumontet, C., and Motin, J., 1996, \u201cEarly Diagnosis of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Is It Possible to Define a Cutoff Value of Infected Cells in BAL Fluid?\u201d Chest, 110, pp. 1558\u20131565.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.110.6.1558"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peipert, J., Boardman, L., Hogan, J., Sung, J., and Mayer, K., 1996, \u201cLaboratory Evaluation of Acute Upper Genital Tract Infection,\u201d Obstet. Gynecol. (N.Y.), 87, pp. 730\u2013736.","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(96)00040-3"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastor, A., Menendez, R., Cremades, M., Pastor, V., Llopis, R., and Aznar, J., 1997, \u201cDiagnostic Value of SCC, CEA, and CYFRA 21.1 in Lung Cancer: A Bayesian Analysis,\u201d Eur. Respir. J., 10, pp. 603\u2013609.","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10030603"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duke, T., Butt, W., and South, M., 1997, \u201cPredictors of Mortality and Multiple Organ Failure in Children With Sepsis,\u201d Intensive Care Med., 23, pp. 684\u2013692.","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050394"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fijten, G., Starmans, R., Muris, J., Schouten, H., Blijham, G., and Knottnerus, J., 1995, \u201cPredictive Value of Signs and Symptoms for Colorectal Cancer in Patients With Rectal Bleeding in General Practice,\u201d Fam. Pract., 12, pp. 279\u2013286.","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/12.3.279"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r57","unstructured":"Einstein, A., Bodian, C., and Gil, J., 1997, \u201cThe Relationships Among Performance Measures in the Selection of Diagnostic Tests,\u201d Arch. Pathol. Lab Med., 121, pp. 110\u2013117."},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diamond, G. , 1992, \u201cClinical Epistemology of Sensitivity and Specificity,\u201d J. Clin. Epidemiol., 45, pp. 9\u201313.","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(92)90181-L"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajian-Tilaki, K., Hanley, J., Joseph, L., and Collet, J., 1997, \u201cA Comparison of Parametric and Nonparametric Approaches to ROC Analysis of Quantitative Diagnostic Tests,\u201d Med. Decis Making, 17, pp. 94\u2013102.","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X9701700111"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacKillop, W., and Quirt, C., 1997, \u201cMeasuring the Accuracy of Prosnostic Judgments in Oncology,\u201d J. Clin. Epidemiol., 50, pp. 21\u201329.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(96)00316-2"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r61","unstructured":"Heshner, D., and Johnson, L. W., 1981, Applied Discrete Choice Modeling, Croom Helm, London."},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r62","unstructured":"Steinberg, D., and Colla, P., 1991, LOGIT: A Supplementary Module for SYSTAT, SYSTAT, Inc., Chicago."},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sima, A. A. F., Zhang, W. X., Cherian, P. V., and Chakrabarti, S., 1992, \u201cImpaired Visual Evoked Potential and Primary Axonopathy of the Optic Nerve in the Diabetic BB\/W-Rat,\u201d Diabetologia, 35, pp. 602\u2013607.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00400249"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myers, B., Van Ee, C., Camacho, D., Woolley, C., and Best, T., 1995, \u201cOn the Structural and Material Properties of Mammalian Skeletal Muscle and Its Relevance to Human Cervical Impact Dynamics,\u201d in: Proc. 39th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE, Coronado, CA.","DOI":"10.4271\/952723"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r65","unstructured":"Myers, B. S., Best, T. M., Wooley, C. T., and Camacho, D. L., 1994, \u201cMeasurement of Large Strain in Skeletal Muscle,\u201d in: Proc. 22nd Annual International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research, Fort Lauderdale, FL."},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrington Reid, M., Lane, D., and Feinstein, A., 1998, \u201cAcademic Calculations Versus Clinical Judgments: Practicing Physicians\u2019 Use of Quantitative Measurements of Test Accuracy,\u201d Am. J. Med., 104, pp. 374\u2013380.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(98)00054-0"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brenneman, F., Boulanger, B., McLellan, B., and Redelmeier, D., 1998, \u201cMeasuring Injury Severity: Time for a Change?\u201d J. Trauma, 44, pp. 580\u2013582.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199804000-00003"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r68","unstructured":"Fine, B., and Yanoff, M., 1979, Ocular Histology, 2nd ed., Harper & Row, New York."},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r69","unstructured":"McIntosh, T. K., Smith, D. H., Meaney, D. F., Kotapka, M. J., and Graham, D. I., 1996, \u201cNeuropathological Sequelae of Traumatic Brain Injury: Relationship to Neurochemical and Biomechanical Mechanisms,\u201d Lab. Invest., 74, pp. 315\u2013342."},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ommaya, A. K., Yarnell, P., Hirsch, A. E., and Harris, E. H., 1967, \u201cScaling of Experimental Data on Cerebral Concussion in Sub-Human Primates to Concussion Threshold for Man,\u201d in: Proc. 13th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE, Anaheim, CA.","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0666837"},{"key":"2019100602441930500_r71","unstructured":"Bain, A. C., Billiar, K. L., Shreiber, D. I., McIntosh, T. K., and Meaney, D. F., 1996, \u201cIn Vivo Mechanical Thresholds for Traumatic Axonal Damage,\u201d in: AGARD Specialists Meeting, Mescalero, NM."}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/122\/6\/615\/5484482\/615_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/122\/6\/615\/5484482\/615_1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T11:42:37Z","timestamp":1682250157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article\/122\/6\/615\/464020\/TissueLevel-Thresholds-for-Axonal-Damage-in-an"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,24]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.1324667","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0731","1528-8951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0731","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-8951","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,24]]}}}