{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T18:30:58Z","timestamp":1791138658363,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>While the etiology and pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis are still not well understood, it is generally recognized that it progresses within a biomechanical process involving asymmetrical loading of the spine and vertebral growth modulation. This study intends to develop a finite element model incorporating vertebral growth and growth modulation in order to represent the progression of scoliotic deformities. The biomechanical model was based on experimental and clinical observations, and was formulated with variables integrating a biomechanical stimulus of growth modulation along directions perpendicular (x) and parallel (y, z) to the growth plates, a sensitivity factor \u03b2 to that stimulus and time. It was integrated into a finite element model of the thoracic and lumbar spine, which was personalized to the geometry of a female subject without spinal deformity. An imbalance of 2 mm in the right direction at the 8th thoracic vertebra was imposed and two simulations were performed: one with only growth modulation perpendicular to growth plates (Sim1), and the other one with additional components in the transverse plane (Sim2). Semi-quantitative characterization of the scoliotic deformities at each growth cycle was made using regional scoliotic descriptors (thoracic Cobb angle and kyphosis) and local scoliotic descriptors (wedging angle and axial rotation of the thoracic apical vertebra). In all simulations, spinal profiles corresponded to clinically observable configurations. The Cobb angle increased non-linearly from 0.3\u00b0 to 34\u00b0 (Sim1) and 20\u00b0 (Sim2) from the first to last growth cycle, adequately reproducing the amplifying thoracic scoliotic curve. The sagittal thoracic profile (kyphosis) remained quite constant. Similarly to clinical and experimental observations, vertebral wedging angle of the thoracic apex progressed from 2.6\u00b0 to 10.7\u00b0 (Sim1) and 7.8\u00b0 (Sim2) with curve progression. Concomitantly, vertebral rotation of the thoracic apex increased of 10\u00b0 (Sim1) and 6\u00b0 (Sim2) clockwise, adequately reproducing the evolution of axial rotation reported in several studies. Similar trends but of lesser magnitude (Sim2) suggests that growth modulation parallel to growth plates tend to counteract the growth modulation effects in longitudinal direction. Overall, the developed model adequately represents the self-sustaining progression of vertebral and spinal scoliotic deformities. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the modeling approach, and compared to other biomechanical studies of scoliosis it achieves a more complete representation of the scoliotic spine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1516198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,3]],"date-time":"2003-01-03T14:32:25Z","timestamp":1041604345000},"page":"784-790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Simulation of Progressive Deformities in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Using a Biomechanical Model Integrating Vertebral Growth Modulation"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"I.","family":"Villemure","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Sainte-Justine Hospital 3175, Cote Sainte-Catherine Road Montreal (Quebec) H3T 1C5 Canada"},{"name":"University of Montreal Biomedical Engineering Institute P.O. Box 6128, Station \u201cCentre-ville\u201d Montreal (Quebec) H3C 3J7 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. E\u00b4.","family":"Aubina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Sainte-Justine Hospital 3175, Cote Sainte-Catherine Road Montreal (Quebec) H3T 1C5 Canada"},{"name":"Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal Mechanical Engineering Department P.O. Box 6079, Station \u201cCentre-ville\u201d Montreal (Quebec) H3C 3A7 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Dansereau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Sainte-Justine Hospital 3175, Cote Sainte-Catherine Road Montreal (Quebec) H3T 1C5 Canada"},{"name":"Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal Mechanical Engineering Department P.O. Box 6079, Station \u201cCentre-ville\u201d Montreal (Quebec) H3C 3A7 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Labelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Sainte-Justine Hospital 3175, Cote Sainte-Catherine Road Montreal (Quebec) H3T 1C5 Canada"},{"name":"University of Montreal Biomedical Engineering Institute P.O. Box 6128, Station \u201cCentre-ville\u201d Montreal (Quebec) H3C 3J7 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100610220321900_r1","unstructured":"Gooding, C. A., and Neuhauser, E. B. D., 1965, \u201cGrowth and Development of the Vertebral Body in the Presence and Absence of Normal Stress,\u201d Am. J. Roentgenol., Radium Ther. Nucl. Med., 93, pp. 388\u2013394."},{"key":"2019100610220321900_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCall, I. W., Galvin, E., O\u2019Brien, J. 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