{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T20:36:54Z","timestamp":1772829414694,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Layered manufacturing (LM) is emerging as a new technology that enables the fabrication of three-dimensional heterogeneous objects such as multimaterials and functionally gradient materials (FGMs). The necessary steps for LM fabrication of heterogeneous objects include representation and process planning of material information inside an object. This paper introduces a new processing planning method that takes into account the processing of material information. The detailed tasks are pre-processing (discretization), orientation (build direction selection), and adaptive slicing of heterogeneous objects. In particular, this paper focuses on the discretization process that converts all of the material information inside a heterogeneous object into material features like geometric features. It is thus possible to choose an optimal build direction among various preselected ones by approximately estimating build time. This is because total build time depends on the complexity of features. This discretization process also allows adaptive slicing of heterogeneous objects to minimize surface finish and material composition error. In addition, tool path planning can be simplified into fill pattern generation. Examples are shown to illustrate the overall procedure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1559152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,27]],"date-time":"2003-03-27T23:09:12Z","timestamp":1048806552000},"page":"330-344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Process-Planning for Layered Manufacturing of Heterogeneous Objects Using Direct Metal Deposition"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Ki-Hoon","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Storage Research Center, Daewoo Electronics Corporation, 543 Dangjeung-Dong, Kunpo City, Gyonggi-Do\u2009435-733\u2009Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debasish","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI\u200948109-2125"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100520203738600_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazumder, J., Choi, J., Nagarathnam, K., Koch, J., and Hetzner, D., 1997, \u201cThe Direct Metal Deposition of H13 Tool Steel for 3-D Components,\u201d The Member Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, 49(5), pp. 55\u201360.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02914687"},{"key":"2019100520203738600_r2","unstructured":"Mazumder, J., Koch, J., Nagarathnam, K., and Choi, J., 1996, \u201cRapid Manufacturing by Laser Aided Direct Deposition of Metals,\u201d preprint, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI."},{"key":"2019100520203738600_r3","unstructured":"Fessler, J., Nickel, A., Link, G., Prinz, F., and Fussell, P., 1997, \u201cFunctional Gradient Metallic Prototypes Through Shape Deposition Manufacturing,\u201d 8th Annual Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Austin, TX, pp. 521\u2013528."},{"key":"2019100520203738600_r4","unstructured":"Merz, R., Prinz, F. 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R., Cho, W., Liu, H., Cima, M., and Resnick, R., 2000, \u201cDistributed Design and Fabrication of Parts With Local Composition Control,\u201d Proceedings of the 2000 NSF Design and Manufacturing Grantees Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"2019100520203738600_r11","unstructured":"Park, S. M., Crawford, R. H., and Beaman, J. J., 2000, \u201cFunctionally Gradient Material Representation by Volumetric Multi-Texturing for Solid Freeform Fabrication,\u201d 11th Annual Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Austin, TX, Aug. 7\u20139."},{"key":"2019100520203738600_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhashyam, S., Shin, K. H., and Dutta, D., 2000, \u201cAn Integrated CAD System for Design of Heterogeneous Objects,\u201d Rapid Prototyping Journal, 6(2), pp. 119\u2013135.","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540010323547"},{"key":"2019100520203738600_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, K. 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