{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T11:54:36Z","timestamp":1772020476112,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper reports on part of a project related to the development of a computer model for GD&amp;T (Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing) to support tolerance specification, validation and tolerance analysis. The paper examines the basic elements involved in geometric variation and their interrelations. Logical tolerance classes are defined in terms of a target, a datum reference frame, and metric relations. ASME Y14.5 tolerance classes are mapped to these logical classes. The development of a data model for GD&amp;T and its application in supporting design specification, validation, and tolerance analysis are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1572177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,15]],"date-time":"2003-05-15T23:33:52Z","timestamp":1053041632000},"page":"54-63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Computer Modeling of Geometric Variations in Mechanical Parts and Assemblies"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Wu,","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GE Global Research, Schenectady, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jami J.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph K.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ\u200985287-6106"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100609470049900_r1","unstructured":"ASME, 1994, Dimensioning and Tolerancing, ASME Y14.5M-1994a, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York."},{"key":"2019100609470049900_r2","unstructured":"ASME, 1994, Mathematical Definition of Dimensioning and Tolerancing Principles. 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R., 1993, \u201cIntegrated CAD Frameworks: Tolerance Representation Scheme in a Solid Model,\u201d Computers & Industrial Engineering, 24(3), pp. 495\u2013509.","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-8352(93)90044-X"},{"key":"2019100609470049900_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, U., and Fang, Y. C., 1996, \u201cTolerance Representation Scheme for a Three-dimensional Product in an Object-oriented Programming Environment,\u201d IIE Trans., 28, pp. 809\u2013819.","DOI":"10.1080\/15458830.1996.11770733"},{"key":"2019100609470049900_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maeda, T., and Tokuoka, N., 1995, \u201cToleranced Feature Modeling by Constraint of Degree of Freedom for Assignment of Tolerance,\u201d Proceedings of 4th CIRP Design Seminar, Tokyo, Japan, April 5\u20136 1995, pp. 89\u2013103.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-1529-9_6"},{"key":"2019100609470049900_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, J. C., and Cutkosky, M. 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C., 1978, \u201cAnalysis of Dimensions and Tolerances in Computer Aided Mechanical Design,\u201d Computer Aided Design, 10(3), pp. 161\u2013166.","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4485(78)90140-9"},{"key":"2019100609470049900_r14","unstructured":"Krishna, K., Krishnan, Osama, Eyada, K., and Ong, Jin B., 1997, \u201cModeling of Manufacturing Processes Characteristics for Automated Tolerance Analysis,\u201d International Journal of Industrial Engineering, 4(3), pp. 187\u2013196."},{"key":"2019100609470049900_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner, J. U. , 1993, \u201cA Feasibility Space Approach for Automated Tolerancing,\u201d J. Eng. 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C., 1992, \u201cGeometric Modeling of Dimensioning and Tolerancing,\u201d Ph.D. Thesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona."},{"key":"2019100609470049900_r20","unstructured":"Wu, Y., 2002, \u201cDevelopment of Mathematical Tools for Modeling Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing,\u201d Ph.D. Dissertation, August 2002, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287."},{"key":"2019100609470049900_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandikjian, T., Shah, J., and Davidson, J., 1999, \u201cA Mechanism for Validating Dimensioning & Tolerancing Schemes in CAD Systems,\u201d Computer aided Design, 33(10), pp. 721\u201337.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-4485(00)00106-8"},{"key":"2019100609470049900_r22","unstructured":"Cle\u00b4ment A., Rivie\u00b4re A., and Serre P., 1995, \u201cA Declarative Information Model for Functional Requirement,\u201d Proceedings of the 4th CIRP Design Seminar, Tokyo, Japan, April 5\u20136, pp. 1\u201316."},{"key":"2019100609470049900_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desrochers, A., and Maranzana, R., 1995, \u201cConstrained Dimensioning and Tolerancing Assistance for Mechanisms,\u201d Proceedings of the 4th CIRP Design Seminar, Tokyo, Japan, April 5\u20136, pp. 17\u201330.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-1529-9_2"},{"key":"2019100609470049900_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidson, J., Mujezinovic, A., and Shah, J., 2002, \u201cA New Mathematical Model for Geometric Tolerances as Applied to Round Faces,\u201d ASME J. 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