{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T14:54:16Z","timestamp":1791039256608,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the numerical convergence characteristics of specimen-specific \u201cvoxel-based\u201d finite element models of 14 excised human cadaveric lumbar vertebral bodies (age: 37\u201387; M=6, F=8) that were generated automatically from clinical-type CT scans. With eventual clinical applications in mind, the ability of the model stiffness to predict the experimentally measured compressive fracture strength of the vertebral bodies was also assessed. The stiffness of \u201clow\u201d-resolution models (3\u00d73\u00d73 mm element size) was on average only 4% greater p=0.03 than for \u201chigh\u201d-resolution models (1\u00d71\u00d71.5 mm) despite interspecimen variations that varied over four-fold. Damage predictions using low- vs high-resolution models were significantly different p=0.01 at loads corresponding to an overall strain of 0.5%. Both the high r2=0.94 and low r2=0.92 resolution model stiffness values were highly correlated with the experimentally measured ultimate strength values. Because vertebral stiffness variations in the population are much greater than those that arise from differences in voxel size, these results indicate that imaging resolution is not critical in cross-sectional studies of this parameter. However, longitudinal studies that seek to track more subtle changes in stiffness over time should account for the small but highly significant effects of voxel size. These results also demonstrate that an automated voxel-based finite element modeling technique may provide an excellent noninvasive assessment of vertebral strength.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1589772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,8]],"date-time":"2003-08-08T06:45:07Z","timestamp":1060325107000},"page":"434-438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Quantitative Computed Tomography-Based Finite Element Models of the Human Lumbar Vertebral Body: Effect of Element Size on Stiffness, Damage, and Fracture Strength Predictions"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"R. Paul","family":"Crawford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William S.","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony M.","family":"Keaveny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1740"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100500423986600_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genant, H. K., Engelke, K., Fuerst, T., Glu\u00a8er, C. C., Grampp, S., Harris, S. T., Jergas, M., Lang, T., Lu, Y., Majumdar, S., Mathur, A., and Takada, M., 1996, \u201cNoninvasive Assessment of Bone Mineral and Structure: State of the Art,\u201d J. Bone Miner. Res., 11, pp. 707\u2013730.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650110602"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faulkner, K. G., Cann, C. E., and Hasegawa, B. H., 1991, \u201cEffect of Bone Distribution on Vertebral Strength: Assessment With a Patient-Specific Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis,\u201d Radiology, 179, pp. 669\u2013674.","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.179.3.2027972"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, H., Werner, J., Andresen, R., Schober, H. C., and Schmitz, K. P., 1998, \u201cNoninvasive Assessment of Stiffness and Failure Load of Human Vertebrae From CT-Data,\u201d Biomed. Tech., 43, pp. 82\u201388.","DOI":"10.1515\/bmte.1998.43.4.82"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Homminga, J., Weinans, H., Gowin, W., Felsenberg, D., and Huiskes, R., 2001, \u201cOsteoporosis Changes the Amount of Vertebral Trabecular Bone at Risk of Fracture but Not the Vertebral Load Distribution,\u201d Spine, 26, pp. 1555\u20131561.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200107150-00010"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, M. J., Keaveny, T. M., and Hayes, W. C., 1998, \u201cComputed Tomography-Based Finite Element Analysis Predicts Failure Loads and Fracture Patterns for Vertebral Sections,\u201d J. Orthop. Res., 16, pp. 300\u2013308.","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100160305"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keyak, J. H., Meagher, J. M., Skinner, H. B., and Mote, C. D., Jr., 1990, \u201cAutomated Three-Dimensional Finite Element Modelling of Bone: A New Method,\u201d J. Biomed. Eng., 12, pp. 389\u2013397.","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-5425(90)90022-F"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keyak, J. H., and Skinner, H. B., 1992, \u201cThree-Dimensional Finite Element Modelling of Bone\u2014Effects of Element Size,\u201d J. Biomed. Eng., 14, pp. 483\u2013489.","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-5425(92)90100-Y"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marks, L. W., and Gardner, T. N., 1993, \u201cThe Use of Strain Energy as a Convergence Criterion in the Finite Element Modelling of Bone and the Effect of Model Geometry on Stress Convergence,\u201d J. Biomed. Eng., 15, pp. 474\u2013476.","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-5425(93)90061-3"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guldberg, R. E., Hollister, S. J., and Charras, G. T., 1998, \u201cThe Accuracy of Digital Image-Based Finite Element Models.,\u201d ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 120, pp. 289\u2013295.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2798314"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niebur, G. L., Yuen, J. C., Hsia, A. C., and Keaveny, T. M., 1999, \u201cConvergence Behavior of High-Resolution Finite Element Models of Trabecular Bone,\u201d ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 121, pp. 629\u2013635.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2800865"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, M. J., Keaveny, T. M., and Hayes, W. C., 1994, \u201cDirect and Computed Tomography Thickness Measurements of the Human Lumbar Vertebral Shell and Endplate.,\u201d Bone, 15, pp. 409\u2013414.","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(94)90817-6"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vesterby, A., Mosekilde, L., Gundersen, H. J. G., Melsen, F., Mosekilde, L., Holem, K., and Sorensen, S., 1991, \u201cBiologically Meaningful Determinants of the In Vitro Strength of Lumbar Vertebrae,\u201d Bone, 12, pp. 219\u2013224.","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(91)90044-J"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kopperdahl, D. L., Pearlman, J. L., and Keaveny, T. M., 2000, \u201cBiomechanical Consequences of an Isolated Overload on the Human Vertebral Body,\u201d J. Orthop. Res., 18, pp. 685\u2013690.","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100180502"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carter, D. R., and Hayes, W. C., 1977, \u201cThe Compressive Behavior of Bone as a Two-Phase Porous Structure,\u201d J. Bone Jt. Surg., Am. Vol., 59-A, pp. 954\u2013962.","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197759070-00021"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, G.\n          , 1997, \u201cProperties of Acrylic Bone Cement: State of the Art Review,\u201d J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 38, pp. 155\u2013182.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199722)38:2<155::AID-JBM10>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kopperdahl, D. L., Morgan, E. F., and Keaveny, T. M., 2002, \u201cQuantitative Computed Tomography Estimates of the Mechanical Properties of Human Vertebral Trabecular Bone,\u201d J. Orthop. Res., 20, pp. 801\u2013805.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00185-1"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulrich, D., Van Rietbergen, B., Laib, A., and Rueegsegger, P., 1999, \u201cThe Ability of Three-Dimensional Structural Indices to Reflect Mechanical Aspects of Trabecular Bone,\u201d Bone, 25, pp. 55\u201360.","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(99)00098-8"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosekilde, L., Mosekilde, L., and Danielsen, C. C., 1987, \u201cBiomechanical Competence of Vertebral Trabecular Bone in Relation to Ash Density and Age in Normal Individuals,\u201d Bone, 8, pp. 79\u201385.","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(87)90074-3"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fyhrie, D. P., and Vashishth, D., 2000, \u201cBone Stiffness Predicts Strength Similarly for Human Vertebral Cancellous Bone in Compression and for Cortical Bone in Tension,\u201d Bone, 26, pp. 169\u2013173.","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(99)00246-X"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan, E. F., and Keaveny, T. M., 2001, \u201cDependence of Yield Strain of Human Trabecular Bone on Anatomic Site,\u201d J. Biomech., 34, pp. 569\u2013577.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00011-2"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, F. J., Lang, S. M., Hoshaw, S. J., Reimann, D. A., and Fyhrie, D. P., 1998, \u201cHuman Vertebral Body Apparent and Hard Tissue Stiffness,\u201d J. Biomech., 31, pp. 1009\u20131015.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00110-9"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeni, Y. N., and Fyhrie, D. P., 2001, \u201cFinite Element Calculated Uniaxial Apparent Stiffness is a Consistent Predictor of Uniaxial Apparent Strength in Human Vertebral Cancellous Bone Tested With Different Boundary Conditions,\u201d J. Biomech., 34, pp. 1649\u20131654.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00155-5"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kopperdahl, D. L., and Keaveny, T. M., 1998, \u201cYield Strain Behavior of Trabecular Bone,\u201d J. Biomech., 31, pp. 601\u2013608.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00057-8"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keaveny, T. M., Wachtel, E. F., and Kopperdahl, D. L., 1999, \u201cMechanical Behavior of Human Trabecular Bone After Overloading,\u201d J. Orthop. Res., 17, pp. 346\u2013353.","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100170308"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cann, C. E., Genant, H. K., Kolb, F. O., and Ettinger, B., 1985, \u201cQuantitative Computed Tomography for Prediction of Vertebral Fracture Risk,\u201d Bone, 6, pp. 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(85)90399-0"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melton, L. J., III, Khosla, S., Atkinson, E. J., Oconnor, M. K., Ofallon, W. M., and Riggs, B. L., 2000, \u201cCross-Sectional Versus Longitudinal Evaluation of Bone Loss in Men and Women,\u201d Osteoporosis Int., 11, pp. 592\u2013599.","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980070080"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keaveny, T. M., Pinilla, T. P., Crawford, R. P., Kopperdahl, D. L., and Lou, A., 1997, \u201cSystematic and Random Errors in Compression Testing of Trabecular Bone,\u201d J. Orthop. Res., 15, pp. 101\u2013110.","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100150115"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cody, D. D., Hou, F. J., Divine, G. W., and Fyhrie, D. P., 2000, \u201cShort Term in Vivo Precision of Proximal Femoral Finite Element Modeling,\u201d Ann. Biomed. Eng., 28, pp. 408\u2013414.","DOI":"10.1114\/1.278"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebbesen, E. N., Thomsen, J. S., Beck-Nielsen, H., Nepper-Rasmussen, H. J., and Mosekilde, L., 1998, \u201cVertebral Bone Density Evaluated by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry and Quantitative Computed Tomography in Vitro,\u201d Bone, 23, pp. 283\u2013290.","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(98)00091-X"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cody, D. D., Gross, G. J., Hou, F. J., Spencer, H. J., Goldstein, S. A., and Fyhrie, D. P., 1999, \u201cFemoral Strength is Better Predicted by Finite Element Models Than QCT and DXA,\u201d J. Biomech., 32, pp. 1013\u20131020.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00099-8"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keyak, J. H., Rossi, S. A., Jones, K. A., and Skinner, H. B., 1998, \u201cPrediction of Femoral Fracture Load Using Automated Finite Element Modeling,\u201d J. Biomech., 31, pp. 125\u2013133.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00123-1"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keyak, J. H., Fourkas, M. G., Meagher, J. M., and Skinner, H. B., 1993, \u201cValidation of an Automated Method of 3-Dimensional Finite Element Modelling of Bone,\u201d J. Biomed. Eng., 15, pp. 505\u2013509.","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-5425(93)90066-8"},{"key":"2019100500423986600_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lengsfeld, M., Schmitt, J., Alter, P., Kaminsky, J., and Leppek, R., 1998, \u201cComparison of Geometry-Based and CT Voxel-Based Finite Element Modelling and Experimental Validation,\u201d Med. Eng. Phys., 20, pp. 515\u2013522.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4533(98)00054-X"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/125\/4\/434\/5658017\/434_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/125\/4\/434\/5658017\/434_1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,5]],"date-time":"2019-10-05T00:42:56Z","timestamp":1570236176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article\/125\/4\/434\/447624\/Quantitative-Computed-TomographyBased-Finite"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.1589772","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0731","1528-8951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0731","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-8951","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]]}}}