{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T16:46:25Z","timestamp":1785689185095,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There is much evidence supporting the hypothesis that magnitude of nerve root mechanical injury affects the nature of the physiological responses which can contribute to pain in lumbar radiculopathy. Specifically, injury magnitude has been shown to modulate behavioral hypersensitivity responses in animal models of radiculopathy. However, no study has determined the mechanical deformation thresholds for initiation and maintenance of the behavioral sensitivity in these models. Therefore, it was the purpose of this study to quantify the effects of mechanical and chemical contributions at injury on behavioral outcomes and to determine mechanical thresholds for pain onset and persistence. Male Holtzman rats received either a silk or chromic gut ligation of the L5 nerve roots, a sham exposure of the nerve roots, or a chromic exposure in which no mechanical deformation was applied but chromic gut material was placed on the roots. Using image analysis, nerve root radial strains were estimated at the time of injury. Behavioral hypersensitivity was assessed by measuring mechanical allodynia continuously throughout the study. Chromic gut ligations produced allodynia responses for nerve root strains at two-thirds of the magnitudes of those strains which produced the corresponding behaviors for silk ligation. Thresholds for nerve root compression producing the onset (8.4%) and persistence of pain (17.4%\u201322.2%) were determined for silk ligation in this lumbar radiculopathy model. Such mechanical thresholds for behavioral sensitivity in a painful radiculopathy model begin to provide biomechanical data which may have utility in broader experimental and computational models for relating injury biomechanics and physiologic responses of pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1695571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,4]],"date-time":"2004-05-04T22:02:54Z","timestamp":1083708174000},"page":"258-263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Mechanical Thresholds for Initiation and Persistence of Pain Following Nerve Root Injury: Mechanical and Chemical Contributions at Injury"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Beth A.","family":"Winkelstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA\u200919104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce A.","family":"DeLeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Anesthesiology & Pharmacology & Toxicology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH\u200903756"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100602415289800_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deyo, R. A., and Tsui-Wu, Y. J., 1987, \u201cDescriptive Epidemiology of Low-Back Pain and its Related Medical Care in the United States,\u201d Spine, 12, pp. 264\u2013268.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198704000-00013"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frymoyer, J., and Cats-Baril, W., 1991, \u201cAn Overview of the Incidences and Costs of Low Back Pain,\u201d Orthop. Clin. North Am., 22, pp. 263\u2013271.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31652-7"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r3","unstructured":"Frymoyer, J., and Durett, C., 1999, \u201cThe Economics of Spinal Disorders,\u201d The Adult Spine: Principles and Practice, Frymoyer, J. W., ed., Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia."},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollingworth, W., Dixon, A. K., Todd, C. J., Bell, M. I., Antoun, N. M., Arafat, Q., Girling, S., Karia, K. R., and Laing, R. J., 1998, \u201cSelf Reported Health Status and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Patients with Low Back Pain,\u201d Eur. Spine J., 7, pp. 369\u2013375.","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860050092"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olmarker, K., and Myers, R. R., 1998, \u201cPathogenesis of Sciatic Pain: Role of Herniated Nucleus Pulposus and Deformation of Spinal Nerve Root and Dorsal Root Ganglion,\u201d Pain, 78, pp. 99\u2013105.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(98)00119-5"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r6","unstructured":"Rydevik, B., Hasue, M., and Wehling, P., 1996, \u201cEtiology of Sciatic Pain and Mechanisms of Nerve Root Compression,\u201d The Lumbar Spine, Wiesel, S. W., Weinstein, J. N., Herkowitz, H., Dvorak, J., Bell, G., eds., WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia, pp. 123\u2013141."},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vucetic, N., Astrand, P., Guntner, P., and Svensson, O., 1999, \u201cDiagnosis and Prognosis in Lumbar Disc Herniation,\u201d Clin. Orthop., 361, pp. 116\u2013122.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199904000-00016"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r8","unstructured":"Wall, P., and Melzack, R., 1994, Textbook of Pain, 3rd Edition, London: Churchill Livingstone."},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r9","unstructured":"Weinstein, J., and Gordon, S., 1996, Low Back Pain: A Scientific and Clinical Overview, Illinois: AAOS."},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeLeo, J. A., and Winkelstein, B. A., 2002, \u201cPhysiology of Chronic Spinal Pain Syndromes: From Animal Models to Biomechanics,\u201d Spine, 27, pp. 2526\u20132537.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200211150-00026"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashizume, H., DeLeo, J. A., Colburn, R. W., and Weinstein, J. N., 2000, \u201cSpinal Glial Activation and Cytokine Expression after Lumbar Root Injury in the Rat,\u201d Spine, 25, pp. 1206\u20131217.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200005150-00003"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howe, J., Loesser, J., and Calvin, W., 1977, \u201cMechanosensitivity of Dorsal Root Ganglia and Chronically Injured Axons: A Physiological Basis for the Radicular Pain of Nerve Root Compression,\u201d Pain, 3, pp. 25\u201341.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(77)90033-1"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawakami, M., Weinstein, J. N., Chatani, K., Spratt, K. F., Meller, S. T., and Gebhardt, G. F., 1994, \u201cExperimental Lumbar Radiculopathy. Behavioral and Histologic Changes in a Model of Radicular Pain after Spinal Nerve Root Irritation with Chromic Gut Ligatures in the Rat,\u201d Spine, 19, pp. 1795\u20131802.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199408150-00002"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winkelstein, B. A., Rutkowski, M. D., Weinstein, J. N., and DeLeo, J. A., 2001, \u201cQuantification of Neural Tissue Injury in a Rat Radiculopathy Model: Comparison of Local Deformation, Behavioral Outcomes, and Spinal Cytokine mRNA for Two Surgeons,\u201d J. Neurosci. Methods, 111, pp. 49\u201357.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(01)00445-9"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winkelstein, B. A., Weinstein, J. N., and DeLeo, J. A., 2002, \u201cThe Role of Mechanical Deformation in Lumbar Radiculopathy: An in vivo Model,\u201d Spine, 27, pp. 27\u201333.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200201010-00009"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r16","unstructured":"Hunt, J., Fraser, R., Weinstein, J., and DeLeo, J., 2000, \u201cA new model of lumbar radiculopathy: validation of the use of the chromic gut model to study the pathophysiology of radicular pain,\u201d Proceedings of the International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine Annual Conference, Adelaide, Australia, Abstract #43."},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colburn, R., Rickman, A., and DeLeo, J., 1999, \u201cThe Effect of Site and Type of Nerve Injury on Spinal Glial Activation and Neuropathic Pain Behavior,\u201d Exp. Neurol., 157, pp. 289\u2013304.","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1999.7065"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedowitz, R., Garfin, S., Massie, J., Hargens, A., Swenson, M., Myers, R., and Rydevik, B., 1992, \u201cEffects of Magnitude and Duration of Compression on Spinal Nerve Root Conduction,\u201d Spine, 17, pp. 194\u2013199.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199202000-00013"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r19","unstructured":"Fung, Y. C., 1965, Foundations of Solid Mechanics, Prentice-Hall, Inc.: Englewood Cliffs, NJ."},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r20","unstructured":"DeLeo, J. A., and Colburn, R. W., 1996, \u201cThe Role of Cytokines in Nociception and Chronic Pain,\u201d Low Back Pain: A Scientific and Clinical Overview, Weinstein, J. N., Gordon, S. L. eds., AAOS Publishers, Rosemont, IL, pp. 163\u2013185."},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bain, A. C., Raghupathi, R., and Meaney, D. F., 2001, \u201cDynamic Stretch Correlates to Both Morphological Abnormalities and Electrophysiological Impairment in a Model of Traumatic Axonal Injury,\u201d J. Neurotrauma, 18, pp. 499\u2013511.","DOI":"10.1089\/089771501300227305"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olmarker, K., Rydevik, B., and Nordborg, C., 1993, \u201cAutologous Nucleus Pulposus Induces Neurophysiologic and Histologic Changes in Porcine Cauda Equina Nerve Roots,\u201d Spine, 18, pp. 1425\u20131432.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199309010-00005"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozaktay, A. C., Cavanaugh, J. M., Asik, I., DeLeo, J. A., and Weinstein, J. N., 2002, \u201cDorsal Root Sensitivity to Interleukin-1 Beta, Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor in Rats,\u201d Eur. Spine J., 11, pp. 267\u2013475.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-002-0430-x"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winkelstein, B. A., and DeLeo, J. A., 2002, \u201cNerve Root Tissue Injury Severity Differentially Modulates Spinal Glial Activation in a Rat Lumbar Radiculopathy Model: Considerations for Persistent Pain,\u201d Brain Res., 956, pp. 294\u2013301.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)03560-6"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r25","unstructured":"Winkelstein, B. A., Finsness, E. D., Ridgway, A. B., and DeLeo, J. A., 2002, \u201cAnatomic and Biomechanical Considerations for Painful Lumbar Radiculopathy Models.\u201d Society for Neuroscience 32nd Annual Meeting, #758.7."},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inufusa, A., An, H. S., Lim, T., Hasegawa, T., Haughton, V. M., and Nowicki, B. H., 1996, \u201cAnatomic Changes of the Spinal Canal and Intervertebral Foramen Associated with Flexion-Extension Movement,\u201d Spine, 21, pp. 2412\u20132420.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199611010-00002"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujiwara, A., An, H. S., Lim, T., and Haughton, V. M., 2001, \u201cMorphologic Changes in the Lumbar Intervertebral Foramen Due to Flexion-Extension, Lateral Bending, and Axial Rotation,\u201d Spine, 26, pp. 876\u2013882.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200104150-00010"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmid, M. R., Stucki, G., Duewell, S., Wildermuth, S., Romanowski, B., and Hodler, J., 1999, \u201cChanges in Cross-Sectional Measurements of the Spinal Canal and Intervertebral Foramina as a Function of Body Position,\u201d Americal Journal of Radiology, 172, pp. 1095\u20131102.","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.172.4.10587155"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeLeo, J. A., and Yezierski, R. P., 2001, \u201cThe Role of Neuroinflammation and Neuroimmune Activation in Persistent Pain,\u201d Pain, 90, pp. 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00490-5"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winkelstein, B. A., Rutkowski, M. D., Sweitzer, S. M., Pahl, J. L., and DeLeo, J. A., 2001, \u201cNerve Injury Proximal or Distal to the DRG Induces Similar Spinal Glial Activation and Selective Cytokine Expression but Differential Behavioral Responses to Pharmacological Treatment,\u201d J. Comp. Neurol., 438, pp. 127\u2013139.","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.2000"},{"key":"2019100602415289800_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maves, T. J., Pechman, P. S., Gebhart, G. F., and Meller, S. T., 1993, \u201cPossible Chemical Contribution from Chromic Gut Sutures Produces Disorders of Pain Sensation Like Those Seen in Man,\u201d Pain, 54, pp. 57\u201369.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90100-4"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/126\/2\/258\/5524440\/258_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/126\/2\/258\/5524440\/258_1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T08:58:35Z","timestamp":1623920315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article\/126\/2\/258\/464003\/Mechanical-Thresholds-for-Initiation-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.1695571","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0731","1528-8951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0731","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-8951","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]]}}}