{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T16:19:56Z","timestamp":1771863596362,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Laminectomy and facetectomy are surgical techniques used for decompression of the cervical spinal stenosis. Recent in vitro and finite element studies have shown significant cervical spinal instability after performing these surgical techniques. However, the influence of degenerated cervical disk on the biomechanical responses of the cervical spine after these surgical techniques remains unknown. Therefore, a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model of the human cervical spine (C2\u2013C7) was created. Two types of disk degeneration grades were simulated. For each grade of disk degeneration, the intact as well as the two surgically altered models simulating C5 laminectomy with or without C5\u2013C6 total facetectomies were exercised under flexion and extension. Intersegmental rotational motions, internal disk annulus, cancellous and cortical bone stresses were obtained and compared to the normal intact model. Results showed that the cervical rotational motion decreases with progressive disk degeneration. Decreases in the rotational motion due to disk degeneration were accompanied by higher cancellous and cortical bone stress. The surgically altered model showed significant increases in the rotational motions after laminectomies and facetectomies when compared to the intact model. However, the percentage increases in the rotational motions after various surgical techniques were reduced with progressive disk degeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1835364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,8]],"date-time":"2005-03-08T23:07:13Z","timestamp":1110323233000},"page":"186-192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Influence of Cervical Disc Degeneration after Posterior Surgical Techniques in Combined Flexion-Extension\u2014A Nonlinear Analytical Study"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Hong-Wan","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore\u2009639798"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ee-Chon","family":"Teo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore\u2009639798"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qinghang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore\u2009639798"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100505055543600_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y. E., Goel, V. K., Weinstein, J. N., and Lim, T. H., 1991, \u201cEffect of Disc Degeneration at one Level on the Adjacent Level in Axial Mode,\u201d Spine, 16, pp. 331\u2013335.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199103000-00013"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumaresan, S., Yoganandan, N., Pintar, F. A., Maiman, D. J., and Goel, V. K., 2001, \u201cContribution of Disc Degeneration to Osteophyte Formation in the Cervical Spine: A Biomechanical Investigation,\u201d J. Orthop. Res., 19, pp. 977\u2013984.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00010-9"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, T. D., Pedersen, D. R., Gray, M. L., Brand, R. A., and Rubin, C. T., 1990, \u201cToward an Identification of Mechanical Parameters Initiating Periosteal Remodeling: A Combined Experimental and Analytic Approach,\u201d J. Biomech., 23, pp. 893\u2013905.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(90)90354-6"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lestini, W. F., and Wiesel, S. W., 1989, \u201cThe Pathogenesis of Cervical Spondylosis,\u201d Clin. Orthop., 239, pp. 69\u201393.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198902000-00009"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumaresan, S., Yoganandan, N., Pintar, F. A., Voo, L. M., Cusick, J. F., and Larson, S. J., 1997, \u201cFinite Element Modeling of Cervical Laminectomy with Graded Facetectomy,\u201d J. Spinal Disord., 10, pp. 40\u201346.","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199702000-00006"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voo, L. M., Kumaresan, S., Yoganandan, N., Pintar, F. A., and Cusick, J. F., 1997, \u201cFinite Element Analysis of Cervical Facetectomy,\u201d Spine, 22, pp. 964\u2013969.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199705010-00006"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, H. W., Teo, E. C., and Zhang, Q. H., 2004, \u201cBiomechanical Effects of C2\u2013C7 Intersegmental Stability due to Laminectomy with Unilateral and Bilateral Facetectomy,\u201d Spine, 29, pp. 1737\u20131745.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000134574.36487.EB"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zdeblick, T. A., Zou, D., Warden, K. E., McCabe, R., Kunz, D., and Vanderby, R., 1992, \u201cCervical Stability After Foraminotomy. A Biomechanical in vitro Analysis,\u201d J. Bone Jt. Surg., Am. Vol., 74, pp. 22\u201327.","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199274010-00004"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raynor, R. B., Moskovich, R., Zidel, P., and Pugh, J., 1987, \u201cAlterations in Primary and Coupled Neck Motions after Facetectomy,\u201d Neurosurgery, 21, pp. 681\u2013687.","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198711000-00014"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raynor, R. B., Pugh, J., and Shapiro, I., 1985, \u201cCervical Facetectomy and its Effect on Spine Strength,\u201d J. Neurosurg., 63, pp. 278\u2013282.","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.63.2.0278"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozgur, B. M., Florman, J. E., Lew, S. M., Taylor, W. P., and Gross, C., 2003, \u201cLaminectomy Contributes to Cervical Spine Deformity Demonstrated by Holographic Interferometry,\u201d J. Spinal Disord., 16, pp. 51\u201354.","DOI":"10.1097\/00024720-200302000-00009"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epstein, N. E.\n          , 2003, \u201cLaminectomy for Cervical Myelopathy,\u201d Spinal Cord, 41, pp. 317\u2013327.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101477"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zdeblick, T. A., Abitbol, J. J., Kunz, D. N., McCabe, R. P., and Garfin, S., 1993, \u201cCervical Stability after Sequential Capsule Resection,\u201d Spine, 18, pp. 2005\u20132008.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199310001-00013"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r14","unstructured":"Ding, S. F., Zhang, Z. Y., Jiang, Z. J., Gu, X. J., Li, H. R., and Wang, Y. J., 1991, \u201cBiomechanical Evaluation of Cervical Spine Instability After Multiple Level Laminectomy,\u201d Chin. Med. J. (Beijing, Engl. Ed.), 104, pp. 626\u2013333."},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cusick, J. F., Yoganandan, N., Pintar, F., Myklebust, J., and Hussain, H., 1988, \u201cBiomechanics of Cervical Spine Facetectomy and Fixation Techniques,\u201d Spine, 13, pp. 808\u2013812.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198807000-00017"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cusick, J. F., Pintar, F. A., and Yoganandan, N., 1995, \u201cBiomechanical Alterations Induced by Multilevel Cervical Laminectomy,\u201d Spine, 20, pp. 2392\u20132398.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199511001-00004"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r17","unstructured":"Chua, H. C., 1999, Three Dimensional Quantitative Study of Human Vertebrae-Asian Population, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang."},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panjabi, M. M., Duranceau, J., Goel, V., Oxland, T., and Takata, K., 1991, \u201cCervical Human Vertebrae. Quantitative Three-dimensional Anatomy of the Middle and Lower Regions,\u201d Spine, 16, pp. 861\u2013869.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199108000-00001"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, H. W., and Teo, E. C., 2001, \u201cNonlinear Finite-element Analysis of the Lower Cervical Spine (C4\u2013C6) under Axial Loading,\u201d J. Spinal Disord., 14, pp. 201\u2013210.","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-200106000-00003"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavaste, F., Skalli, W., Robin, S., Roy-Camille, R., and Mazel, C., 1992, \u201cThree-dimensional Geometrical and Mechanical Modelling of the Lumbar Spine,\u201d J. Biomech., 25, pp. 1153\u20131164.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(92)90071-8"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumaresan, S., Yoganandan, N., and Pintar, F. A., 1999, \u201cFinite Element Analysis of the Cervical Spine: A Material Property Sensitivity Study,\u201d Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon), 14, pp. 41\u201353.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(98)00036-9"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goel, V. K., and Clausen, J. D., 1998, \u201cPrediction of Load Sharing among Spinal Components of a C5\u2013C6 Motion Segment using the Finite Element Approach,\u201d Spine, 23, pp. 684\u2013691.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199803150-00008"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saito, T., Yamamuro, T., Shikata, J., Oka, M., and Tsutsumi, S., 1991, \u201cAnalysis and Prevention of Spinal Column Deformity Following Cervical Laminectomy. I. Pathogenetic Analysis of Postlaminectomy Deformities,\u201d Spine, 16, pp. 494\u2013502.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199105000-00002"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoganandan, N., Kumaresan, S., and Pintar, F. A., 2000, \u201cGeometric and Mechanical Properties of Human Cervical Spine Ligaments,\u201d ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 122, pp. 623\u2013629.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1322034"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teo, E. C., and Ng, H. W., 2001, \u201cEvaluation of the Role of Ligaments, Facets and Disc Nucleus in Lower Cervical Spine under Compression and Sagittal Moments using Finite Element Method,\u201d Med. Eng. Phys., 23, pp. 155\u2013164.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4533(01)00036-4"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Natarajan, R. N., Ke, J. H., and Andersson, G. B., 1994, \u201cA Model to Study the Disc Degeneration Process,\u201d Spine, 19, pp. 259\u2013265.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199402000-00001"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r27","unstructured":"Ghosh, P., 1988, The Biology of the Intervertebral Disc, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL Vol. 2."},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirazi-Adl, A.\n          , 1992, \u201cFinite-element Simulation of Changes in the Fluid Content of Human Lumbar Discs. Mechanical and Clinical Implications,\u201d Spine, 17, pp. 206\u2013212.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199202000-00015"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurowski, P., and Kubo, A., 1986, \u201cThe Relationship of Degeneration of the Intervertebral Disc to Mechanical Loading Conditions on Lumbar Vertebrae,\u201d Spine, 11, pp. 726\u2013731.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198609000-00012"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubo, S., Goel, V. K., Yang, S. J., and Tajima, N., 2003, \u201cBiomechanical Evaluation of Cervical Double-door Laminoplasty using Hydroxyapatite Spacer,\u201d Spine, 28, pp. 227\u2013234.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000042246.09816.20"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowinski, G. P., Visarius, H., Nolte, L. P., and Herkowitz, H. N., 1993, \u201cA Biomechanical Comparison of Cervical Laminaplasty and Cervical Laminectomy with Progressive Facetectomy,\u201d Spine, 18, pp. 1995\u20132004.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199310001-00012"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goel, V. K., Clark, C. R., Harris, K. G., and Schulte, K. R., 1988, \u201cKinematics of the Cervical Spine: Effects of Multiple Total Laminectomy and Facet Wiring,\u201d J. Orthop. Res., 6, pp. 611\u2013619.","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100060419"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goel, V. K., Clark, C. R., McGowan, D., and Goyal, S., 1984, \u201cAn in-vitro Study of the Kinematics of the Normal, Injured and Stabilized Cervical Spine,\u201d J. Biomech., 17, pp. 363\u2013376.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(84)90030-7"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishida, Y., Suzuki, K., Ohmori, K., Kikata, Y., and Hattori, Y., 1989, \u201cCritical Analysis of Extensive Cervical Laminectomy,\u201d Neurosurgery, 24, pp. 215\u2013222.","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198902000-00010"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikawa, Y., Shikata, J., and Yamamuro, T., 1987, \u201cSpinal Deformity and Instability after Multilevel Cervical Laminectomy,\u201d Spine, 12, pp. 6\u201311.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198701000-00002"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r36","unstructured":"Yugue, I., Shiba, K., and Uezaki, N., 2003, \u201cStatic and Dynamic Modifications of the Cervical Spine after Laminoplasty for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy,\u201d Rev. Chir. Orthop. Reparatrice Appar Mot, 89, pp. 487\u2013495."},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnes, M. P., and Saunders, M., 1984, \u201cThe Effect of Cervical Mobility on the Natural History of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy,\u201d J. Neurol., Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 47, pp. 17\u201320.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.47.1.17"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowland, L. P.\n          , 1992, \u201cSurgical Treatment of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: Time for a Controlled Trial,\u201d Neurology, 42, pp. 5\u201313.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.1.5"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epstein, J. A.\n          , 1988, \u201cThe Surgical Management of Cervical Spinal Stenosis, Spondylosis, and Myeloradiculopathy by Means of the Posterior Approach,\u201d Spine, 13, pp. 864\u2013869.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198807000-00031"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clausen, J. D., Goel, V. K., Traynelis, V. C., and Scifert, J., 1997, \u201cUncinate Processes and Luschka Joints Influence the Biomechanics of the Cervical Spine: Quantification using a Finite Element Model of the C5\u2013C6 Segment,\u201d J. Orthop. Res., 15, pp. 342\u2013347.","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100150305"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoganandan, N., Kumaresan, S. C., Voo, L., Pintar, F. A., and Larson, S. J., 1996, \u201cFinite Element Modeling of the C4\u2013C6 Cervical Spine Unit,\u201d Med. Eng. Phys., 18, pp. 569\u2013574.","DOI":"10.1016\/1350-4533(96)00013-6"},{"key":"2019100505055543600_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoganandan, N., Kumaresan, S., and Pintar, F. A., 2001, \u201cBiomechanics of the Cervical Spine. 2. Cervical Spine Soft Tissue Responses and Biomechanical Modeling,\u201d Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon), 16, pp. 1\u201327.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(00)00074-7"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/127\/1\/186\/5768242\/186_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/127\/1\/186\/5768242\/186_1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,5]],"date-time":"2019-10-05T09:06:16Z","timestamp":1570266376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article\/127\/1\/186\/445152\/Influence-of-Cervical-Disc-Degeneration-after"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.1835364","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0731","1528-8951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0731","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-8951","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]]}}}