{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T15:10:23Z","timestamp":1735744223487,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Automatic creation of B-rep models of engineering objects from freehand sketches would benefit designers. One step aims to take a line drawing (with hidden lines removed), and from it deduce an initial three-dimensional (3D) geometric realization of the visible part of the object, including junction and line labels, and depth coordinates. Most methods for producing this frontal geometry use line labeling, which takes little or no account of geometry. Thus, the line labels produced can be unreliable. Our alternative approach inflates a drawing to produce provisional depth coordinates, and from these makes deductions about line labels. Assuming many edges in the drawing are parallel to one of three main orthogonal directions, we first attempt to identify groups of parallel lines aligned with the three major axes of the object. From these, we create and solve a linear system of equations relating vertex coordinates, in the coordinate system of the major axes. We then inflate the drawing in a coordinate system based on the plane of the drawing and depth perpendicular to it. Finally, we use this geometry to identify which lines in the drawing correspond to convex, concave, or occluding edges. We discuss alternative realizations of some of the concepts, how to cope with nonisometric-projection drawings, and how to combine this approach with other labeling techniques to gain the benefits of each. We test our approach using sample drawings chosen to be representative of engineering objects. These highlight difficulties often overlooked in previous papers on line labeling. Our new approach has significant benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1891045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,6]],"date-time":"2005-06-06T22:15:20Z","timestamp":1118096120000},"page":"158-167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Labeling Engineering Line Drawings Using Depth Reasoning"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"R. R.","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff University School of Computer Science, , Cardiff, Wales, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo Department of Precision Engineering, , Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. A. C.","family":"Varley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo Department of Precision Engineering, , Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022090815203628700_c1","unstructured":"Jenkins, D. L. , 1992, \u201cThe Automatic Interpretation of Two-Dimensional Freehand Sketches,\u201d PhD Thesis, University of Wales College of Cardiff."},{"key":"2022090815203628700_c2","unstructured":"Grimstead, I. J. , 1997, \u201cInteractive Sketch Input of Boundary Representation Solid Models,\u201d PhD Thesis, Cardiff University."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022090815203628700_c3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2004.08.007","article-title":"An Optimisation-Based Reconstruction Engine for 3D Modelling by Sketching","volume":"28","author":"Company","journal-title":"Comput. Graphics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0097-8493","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2022090815203628700_c4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(98)00077-0","article-title":"Empirically-Derived Estimates of the Complexity of Labeling Line Drawings of Polyhedral Scenes","volume":"105","author":"Parodi","journal-title":"Artif. 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I., Langbein, F. C., Marshall, A. D., and Martin, R. R., 2001, \u201cEstimate of Frequencies of Geometric Regularities for use in Reverse Engineering of Simple Mechanical Components,\u201d Technical Report GVG 2001-1, Geometry and Vision Group, Department of Computer Science, Cardiff University."},{"key":"2022090815203628700_c9","unstructured":"Samuel, M. M., Requicha, A. A. G., and Elkind, S. A., 1976, \u201cMethodology and Results of an Industrial Parts Survey,\u201d Technical Memorandum 21, Production Automation Project, University of Rochester."},{"key":"2022090815203628700_c10","unstructured":"Varley, P. A. C., Takahashi, Y., Mitani, J., and Suzuki, H., 2004, \u201cA Two-Stage Approach for Interpreting Line Drawings of Curved Objects,\u201d in Proc. Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling 2004, edited by Hughes, J. F., and Jorge, J. 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