{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T21:52:11Z","timestamp":1791150731111,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of the present study was to measure dynamic chest deformations and compute chest velocity and viscous criterion during real world frontal impacts conducted on a horizontal sled. Four unembalmed human cadavers were restrained using a three-point belt restraint in the driver seat of a sled buck. Two chest bands (each with a 24 gauge capability) were placed on the thorax to record the temporal deformation patterns during impact. All tests were conducted at a velocity of approximately 50 kph. Biomechanical data were gathered digitally at a sampling rate of 12,500 Hz. Multiple rib fractures were identified in all specimens at autopsy. Analysis of approximately 800 temporal deformation contours of the thorax demonstrated regional differences. The overall mean maximum normalized chest deflections, maximum chest compression velocities, and peak viscous response variables ranged from 0.15 to 0.51, 1.79 to 4.87 m\/s, and 0.15 to 1.95 m\/s, respectively. These findings clearly illustrate the potential use of the chest band output to correlate injury with biomechanical variables and establish thoracic impact tolerance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2792269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,20]],"date-time":"2008-02-20T17:24:38Z","timestamp":1203528278000},"page":"48-52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Thoracic Deformation and Velocity Analysis in Frontal Impact"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Yoganandan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, and V.A. Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. M.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Crashworthiness Research, U.S. Department of Transportation, NHTSA, NRD-12, Washington, D.C."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. H.","family":"Eppinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Crashworthiness Research, U.S. Department of Transportation, NHTSA, NRD-12, Washington, D.C."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. A.","family":"Pintar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, and V.A. Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. A.","family":"Skrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, and V.A. Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"A.","family":"Sances","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, and V.A. Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100409281924400_r1","unstructured":"Abbreviated Injury Scale, 1990 version, American Association of Automotive Medicine, Chicago, IL."},{"key":"2019100409281924400_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavanaugh\n              J. M.\n            , and KingA. I., \u201cControl of Transmission of HIV and Other Bloodborne Pathogens in Biomechanical Cadaveric Testing,\u201d Journal of Orthopaedic Research, Vol. 8(2), 1990, pp. 159\u2013166.","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100080202"},{"key":"2019100409281924400_r3","unstructured":"CDC\n          : Update, \u201cUniversal Precautions for Prevention of Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitus B Virus, and Other Bloodborne Pathogens in Health-Care Settings,\u201d MMWR, Vol. 37, 1988, pp. 377\u2013388."},{"key":"2019100409281924400_r4","unstructured":"Eppinger, R. H., \u201cPrediction of Thoracic Injury Using Measurable Experimental Parameters,\u201d Proc. 6th International Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, NHTSA, Washington, DC, 1976, pp. 770\u2013780."},{"key":"2019100409281924400_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eppinger, R. H., \u201cOn the Development of a Deformation Measurement System and Its Application Toward Developing Mechanically Based Indices,\u201d Proc. 33rd Stapp. Car Crash Conf., Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1989, pp. 21\u201328.","DOI":"10.4271\/892426"},{"key":"2019100409281924400_r6","unstructured":"Hagedorn, A. V., Eppinger, R. H., Morgan, R. M., Pritz, H. B., and Khaewpong, N., \u201cApplication of a Deformation Measurement System to Mechanical Systems,\u201d Intl. Research Council on Biokinetics of Impact, Berlin, Germany, Sept. 1991, pp. 171\u2013183."},{"key":"2019100409281924400_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroell, C. K., Schneider, D. C., and Nahum, A. M., \u201cImpact Tolerance and Response of the Human Thorax,\u201d Proc, 15th Stapp. Car Crash Conf., Society of Automotive Engineers, New York, NY, 1971, pp. 84\u2013134.","DOI":"10.4271\/710851"},{"key":"2019100409281924400_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroell, C. K., Schneider, D. C., and Nahum, A. M., \u201cImpact Tolerance and Response of the Human Thorax II,\u201d Proc. 18th Stapp. Car Crash Conf., Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1974, pp. 383\u2013457.","DOI":"10.4271\/741187"},{"key":"2019100409281924400_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau, I. V., and Viano, D. C., \u201cThe Viscous Criterion\u2014Bases and Applications of an Injury Severity Index for Soft Tissues,\u201d Proc. 30th Stapp. Car Crash Conf., Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendele, PA, 1986, pp. 123\u2013142.","DOI":"10.4271\/861882"},{"key":"2019100409281924400_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neathery, R. F., Kroell, C. K., and Mertz, H. J., \u201cPrediction of Thoracic Injury From Dummy Responses,\u201d Proc. 19th Stapp. Car Crash Conf., Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1975, pp. 295\u2013316.","DOI":"10.4271\/751151"},{"key":"2019100409281924400_r11","unstructured":"Shaibani, S. J., and Khaewpong, N., \u201cIdentification of Chest Injuries From Changes in Transverse Sections of the Thorax During Blunt Impact,\u201d Final Report, U.S.D.O.T., Feb. 1990, 89 pp."},{"key":"2019100409281924400_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viano\n              D. C.\n            , and LauI. V., \u201cA Viscous Tolerance Criterion for Soft Tissue Injury Assessment,\u201d J. Biomechanics, Vol. 21(5), 1988, pp. 387\u2013399.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(88)90145-5"},{"key":"2019100409281924400_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoganandan, N., Skrade, D., Pintar, F. A., Reinartz, J., and Sances, A. Jr., \u201cThoracic Deformation Contours in a Frontal Impact,\u201d Proc. 35th Stapp. Car Crash Conf, Society of Automotive Engineers, San Diego, CA, Nov. 18\u201320, 1991, pp. 47\u201363.","DOI":"10.4271\/912891"},{"key":"2019100409281924400_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoganandan, N., Pintar, F. A., Skrade, D., Chmiel Wayne, Reinartz, J., and Sances, A., Jr., \u201cThoracic Biomechanics with Air Bag Restraint,\u201d Proc. 38th Stapp. Car Crash Conf., Society of Automotive Engineers, San Antonio, TX, Nov. 7\u201310, 1993, pp. 133\u2013144.","DOI":"10.4271\/933121"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/117\/1\/48\/5766436\/48_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/117\/1\/48\/5766436\/48_1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T09:28:31Z","timestamp":1570181311000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article\/117\/1\/48\/399348\/Thoracic-Deformation-and-Velocity-Analysis-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,2,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.2792269","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0731","1528-8951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0731","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-8951","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,2,1]]}}}