{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T12:33:37Z","timestamp":1769171617786,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>While mechanisms of post-traumatic osteoarthrosis are largely unknown, excessive stresses and strains generated in articular cartilage and the underlying bone may play a role. In this manuscript a technique is described for studying the impact response of a diarthrodial joint. A mathematical model of the rabbit PF joint indicated that contact pressures predicted by a quasi-static plane strain linear elastic model compared well with experimental data when Poisson\u2019s ratio and Young\u2019s modulus of the cartilage were 0.49 and 2 MPa, respectively. This value for the elastic modulus compared well with that obtained from elastic analysis of short-time indentation experiments on cartilage from a previous study. The model analysis also suggested that surface fissuring of patellar cartilage occurs near areas where shear stresses and tensile strains are high. Impact location on the patella significantly influenced the distributions of shear stress along the bone-cartilage interface and tensile strains in the cartilage. These results may help explain some of the mechanisms of initial tissue damage reported elsewhere. Limited experimental data are presented here but the value of such mathematical models for estimation of material properties and for analysis of damage creation is clearly demonstrated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2794212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,20]],"date-time":"2008-02-20T22:24:38Z","timestamp":1203546278000},"page":"485-491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["An Analytical Model to Study Blunt Impact Response of the Rabbit P-F Joint"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science and Mechanics Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger C.","family":"Haut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science and Mechanics Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Altiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science and Mechanics Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100604280092500_r1","unstructured":"Armstrong, C., Schoonbeck, J., Moss, G., and Mow, V., 1980, \u201cCharacterization of Impact-Induced Microtrauma to Articular Cartilage,\u201d Adv. in Bioenging., ASME pp. 153\u2013156."},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Askew\n              M.\n            , and MowV., 1978, \u201cThe Biomechanical Function of the Collagen Fibril Ultrastructure of Articular Cartilage,\u201d ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING, Vol. 100, pp. 105\u2013115.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3426200"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blankevoort\n              L.\n            , KuiperJ. H., HuiskesR., and GrootenboerH. J., 1991, \u201cArticular Contact in a Three-Dimensional Model of the Knee,\u201d J. Biomechanics Vol. 24(11), pp. 1019\u20131031.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(91)90019-J"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r4","unstructured":"Brown\n              P.\n            , SorrellsR., KovaleskiT., and MaloneyF., 1988, \u201cInterdisciplinary Approach to Arthritis Rehabilitation,\u201d J. Ark. Med. Soc., Vol. 84, pp. 474\u2013476."},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r5","unstructured":"Chapchal\n              G.\n            \n          , 1978, \u201cPosttraumatic Osteoarthritis After Injury of the Knee and Hip Joint,\u201d Reconst. Surg. Traumat., Vol. 16, pp. 87\u201394."},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r6","unstructured":"Chin, M., Donahue, J., Erdman, A., Oegema, T., and Thompson, R., 1986, \u201cBiomechanical Analysis of an Adult Canine Patella Under an Indirect Blunt Trauma,\u201d Proc. 32nd Ann. Mtging of ORS, Vol. 32, pp. 232."},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r7","unstructured":"Clark\n              J.\n            \n          , 1990, \u201cThe Organisation of Collagen Fibrils in the Superficial Zones of Articular Cartilage,\u201d J. Anat., Vol. 171, pp. 117\u2013130."},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donahue\n              J. M.\n            , BussD., OegemaT. R., and ThompsonR. C., 1983, \u201cThe Effects of Indirect Blunt Trauma on Adult Canine Articular Cartilage,\u201d J. Bone and Joint Surg., Vol. 65(A), pp. 948\u2013957.","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198365070-00010"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eberhardt\n              A.\n            , KeerL., LewisJ., and VithoontienV., 1990, \u201cAn Analytical Model of Joint Contact,\u201d ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING, Vol. 112, pp. 407\u2013413.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2891204"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eberhardt\n              A.\n            , LewisJ., and KeerL., 1991, \u201cNormal Contact of Elastic Spheres With Two Elastic Layers as a Model of Joint Articulation,\u201d ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING., Vol. 113, pp. 410\u2013417.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2895420"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hale\n              J. E.\n            , BrownT. D., 1992, \u201cContact Stress Gradient Detection Limits of Pressensor Film,\u201d ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING, Vol. 114, pp. 352\u2013357.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2891395"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haut\n              R.\n            \n          , 1983, \u201cThe Influence of Superficial Tissue on Response of the Primate Knee to Traumatic Posterior Tibial Drawer,\u201d J. Biomechanics Vol. 16(7), pp. 465\u2013472.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(83)90060-X"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haut\n              R.\n            \n          , 1989, \u201cContact Pressures in the Patello-Femoral Joint During Impact Loading on the Human Flexed Knee,\u201d J. Orth. Res., Vol. 7, pp. 272\u2013280.","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100070216"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r14","unstructured":"Haut\n              R. C.\n            \n          , 1985, \u201cImpact Studies on the Canine Knee Model,\u201d Proc. of Amer. Soc. Biomech., Vol. 9, pp. 117\u2013118."},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r15","unstructured":"Haut, R. C., Ide, T. M., and DeCamp, C. E., 1991, \u201cImpact-Induced Damage to Articular Cartilage of the Patello-Femoral Joint,\u201d Proc. First Symp. on Injury Prevention Through Biomechanics, CDC. pp. 13\u201326."},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes\n              W.\n            , KeerL., HerrmannG., and MockrosL., 1972, \u201cA Mathematical Analysis for Indentation Tests of Articular Cartilage,\u201d J. Biomech., Vol. 5, pp. 541\u2013551.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(72)90010-3"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r17","unstructured":"Huberti, H., Hayes, W., and Stone, J., 1982, \u201cDetermination of Patello-Femoral Contact Stresses Using Pressure Sensitive Film,\u201d Proc. 10th Ann. Mtging NE Bioenging. Conf., Vol. 10, pp. 1\u20134."},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurvelin\n              J.\n            , KivirontaI., SaamanenA. M., TammiM., and HelminenH. J., 1990, \u201cIndentation Stiffness of Young Canine Knee Articular Cartilage-Influence of Strenuous Joint Loading,\u201d J. Biomechanics Vol. 23(12), pp. 1239\u20131246.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(90)90381-C"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Insall\n              J.\n            , FalvoK. A., and WiseD. W., 1976, \u201cChondromalacia Patellae: A Prospective Study,\u201d J. Bone and Joint Surg. Vol. 58, pp. 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197658010-00001"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mankin\n              J.\n            \n          , 1982, \u201cCurrent Concepts Review: The Response of Articular Cartilage to Mechanical Injury,\u201d J. Bone and Joint Surg., Vol. 64, pp. 460\u2013466.","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198264030-00022"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minns\n              R. J.\n            , BirnieA. J. M., and AbernethyP. J., 1979, \u201cA Stress Analysis of the Patella, and How it Relates to Patellar Articular Cartilage Lesions,\u201d J. Biomechanics, Vol. 12, pp. 699\u2013711.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(79)90019-8"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r22","unstructured":"Mente, P., and Lewis, J., 1992, \u201cElastic Modulus of Calcified Cartilage,\u201d Proc. 38th Ann. Mtging of ORS Vol. 38, pp. 212."},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mow\n              V.\n            , KueiS., LaiW., and ArmstrongC., 1980, \u201cBiphasic Creep and Stress Relaxation of Articular Cartilage in Compression: Theory and Experiments,\u201d ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING, Vol. 102, pp. 73\u201384.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3138202"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radin\n              E.\n            , EhrlichM., ChernackR., AbernethyP., PaulI., and RoseR., 1978, \u201cEffect of Repetitive Impulsive Loading on the Knee Joints of Rabbits,\u201d Clin. Orth. and Rel. Res., Vol. 131, pp. 288\u2013293.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197803000-00047"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratcliffe\n              A.\n            , ShuretryW., and CatersonB., 1993, \u201cThe Quantitation of a Native Chondroitin Sulfate Epitope in Synovial Fluid Lavages and Articular Cartilage From Canine Experimental Osteoarthritis and Disuse Atrophy,\u201d Arthritis Rheum., Vol. 36, pp. 543\u2013551.","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780360416"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Repo\n              R.\n            , and FinlayJ., 1977, \u201cSurvival of Articular Cartilage After Controlled Impact,\u201d J. Bone and Joint Surg., Vol. 59-A(8), pp. 1068\u20131076.","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197759080-00012"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silyn-Roberts\n              H.\n            , and BroomN., 1990, \u201cFracture Behavior of Cartilage-on-Bone in Response to Repeated Impact Loading,\u201d Conn. Tiss. Res. Vol. 24, pp. 143\u2013156.","DOI":"10.3109\/03008209009152430"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r28","unstructured":"Cowin, S., Van Buskirk, W., and Ashman, R., 1987, \u201cProperties of Bone,\u201d Handbook of Bioengineering, Chapter 2, p. 2:1\u20132:27."},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r29","unstructured":"States, J., 1970, \u201cTraumatic Arthritis\u2014A Medical and Legal Dilemma,\u201d Proc. 14th Ann. Conf. of the Amer. Assoc. for Auto. Med., Vol. 14, pp. 21\u201328."},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz\n              M. H.\n            , LeoP. H., and LewisJ. L., 1994, \u201cA Microstructural Model for the Elastic Response of Articular Cartilage,\u201d J. Biomechanics, Vol. 27(7), pp. 865\u2013873.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)90259-3"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson\n              R. C.\n            , OegemaT. R., LewisJ. L., and WallaceL., 1991, \u201cOsteoarthritic Changes After Acute Transarticular Load,\u201d J. Bone and Joint Surg., Vol. 73-A(7), pp. 990\u20131001.","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199173070-00005"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomatsu\n              T.\n            , ImaiN., TakeuchiN., TakahashiK., and KimuraN., 1992, \u201cExperimentally Produced Fractures of Articular Cartilage and Bone,\u201d J. Bone and Joint Surg., Vol. 74-B(3), pp. 457\u2013461.","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.74B3.1587902"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vener\n              M. J.\n            , ThompsonR. C., LewisJ. L., and OegemaT. R., 1992, \u201cSubchondral Damage After Acute Transarticular Loading\u2014An in Vitro Model of Joint Injury.\u201d J. Orth. Res., Vol. 10, pp. 759\u2013765.","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100100603"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woo\n              S.\n            , AkesonW., and JemmottL., 1976, \u201cMeasurements of Nonhomogeneous, Directional Mechanical Properties of Articular Cartilage in Tension,\u201d J. Biomechanics, Vol. 9, pp. 785\u2013791.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(76)90186-X"},{"key":"2019100604280092500_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright\n              V.\n            \n          , 1990, \u201cPost-Traumatic Osteoarthritis\u2014A Medico-Legal Minefield,\u201d Brit. J. Rheum., Vol. 29, pp. 474\u2013478.","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/29.6.474"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/117\/4\/485\/5766640\/485_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/117\/4\/485\/5766640\/485_1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,6]],"date-time":"2019-10-06T08:28:23Z","timestamp":1570350503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article\/117\/4\/485\/397482\/An-Analytical-Model-to-Study-Blunt-Impact-Response"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,11,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.2794212","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0731","1528-8951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0731","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-8951","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,11,1]]}}}