{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T23:33:56Z","timestamp":1789601636658,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model of the human lower cervical spine (C4-C6) was constructed. The mathematical model was based on close-up CT scans from a young human cadaver. Cortical shell, cancellous core, endplates, and posterior elements including the lateral masses, pedicle, lamina, and transverse and spinous processes, and the intervertebral disks, were simulated. Using the material properties from literature, the 10,371-element model was exercised under an axial compressive mode of loading. The finite element model response agreed with literature. As a logical step, a parametric study was conducted by evaluating the biomechanical response secondary to changes in the elastic moduli of the intervertebral disk and the endplates. In the stress analysis, the minimum principal compressive stress was used for the cancellous core of the vertebral body and von Mises stress was used for the endplate component. The model output indicated that an increase in the elastic modulii of the disk resulted in an increase in the endplate stresses at all the three spinal levels. In addition, the inferior endplate of the middle vertebral body responded with the highest mean compressive stress followed by its superior counterpart. Furthermore, the middle vertebral body produced the highest compressive stresses compared to its counterparts. These findings appear to correlate with experimental results as well as common clinical experience wherein cervical fractures are induced due to external compressive forces. As a first step, this model will lead to more advanced simulations as additional data become available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2796070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,21]],"date-time":"2008-02-21T20:48:52Z","timestamp":1203626932000},"page":"87-92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Finite Element Model of the Human Lower Cervical Spine: Parametric Analysis of the C4-C6 Unit"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Yoganandan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin; Department of Veterans Affairs, Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Kumaresan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin; Department of Veterans Affairs, Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Voo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin; Department of Veterans Affairs, Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. A.","family":"Pintar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin; Department of Veterans Affairs, Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100412295849100_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams\n              M. A.\n            \n          , \u201cMechanical Testing of the Spine: An Appraisal of Methodology, Results, and Conclusions,\u201d Spine, Vol. 20, No. 19, 1995, pp. 2151\u20132156.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199510000-00015"},{"key":"2019100412295849100_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozic\n              K. J.\n            , KeyakJ. H., SkinnerH. B., BueffH. U., and BradfordD. S., \u201cThree-Dimensional Finite Element Modeling of a Cervical Vertebra: an Investigation of Burst Fracture Mechanism,\u201d J. Spinal Disorders, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1994, pp. 102\u2013110.","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199407020-00002"},{"key":"2019100412295849100_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buckwalter\n              J. A.\n            \n          , \u201cAging and Degeneration of the Human Intervertebral Disc,\u201d Spine, Vol. 20, No. 11, 1995, pp. 1307\u20131314.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199506000-00022"},{"key":"2019100412295849100_r4","unstructured":"Clausen, J. D., Goel, V. K., Traynelis, V. C., and Wilder, D. G., \u201cCervical Spine Biomechanical Investigation Using an Experimentally Validated FE Model of the C5-C6 Motion Segment,\u201d Proc. of Orthopedic Research Society, Atlanta, GA, Feb. 21\u201324, 1996."},{"key":"2019100412295849100_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cusick, J. F., Yoganandan, N., Pintar, F. A., and Gardon, M., \u201cCervical Spine Injuries From High Velocity Forces: A Pathoanatomical and Radiological Study,\u201d J. 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G., \u201cApplications of the Finite Element Method to Thoracolumbar Spinal Research\u2014Past, Present, and Future,\u201d Spine, Vol. 20, No. 15, 1995, pp. 1719\u20131727.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199508000-00014"},{"key":"2019100412295849100_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goel\n              V. K.\n            , KongW. Z., HanJ. S., WeinsteinJ. N., and GilbertsonL. G., \u201cA Combined Finite Element and Optimization Investigation of Lumbar Spine Mechanics With and Without Muscles,\u201d Spine, Vol. 18, 1993, pp. 1531\u20131541.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199318110-00019"},{"key":"2019100412295849100_r11","unstructured":"Goel\n              V. K.\n            , LimT.-H., GilbertsonL. G., and WeinsteinJ. N., \u201cClinically Relevant Finite Element Models of a Ligamentous Lumbar Motion Segment,\u201d Seminars in Spine Surgery, Vol. 5, 1993, pp. 29\u201341."},{"key":"2019100412295849100_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goel\n              V. 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K., WesibergerA. M., StraussA. M., and SpenglerD. M., \u201cGeometric and Material Property Study of the Human Lumbar Spine Using the Finite Element Method,\u201d J. Spinal Disords, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1992, pp. 50\u201359.","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199203000-00007"},{"key":"2019100412295849100_r24","unstructured":"Teo\n              E. C.\n            , PaulJ. P., and EvansJ. H., \u201cFinite Element Stress Analysis of a Cadaver Second Cervical Vertebra,\u201d Med. and Biol. Eng. and Comput., Vol. 32, 1994, pp. 236\u2013238."},{"key":"2019100412295849100_r25","unstructured":"Voo\n              L.\n            , DenmanJ. A., YoganandanN., PintarF., and CusickJ. F., \u201cA 3-D FE Model of Cervical Spine With CT-Based Geometry,\u201d Adv. Bioeng., Vol. 29, 1995, pp. 323\u2013324."},{"key":"2019100412295849100_r26","unstructured":"Yamada, H., Strength of Biological Materials, Robert E. 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F., and Sances, A., Jr., \u201cFinite Element Analysis of the Cervical Spine,\u201d Injury Prevention Through Biomechanics, CDC, Detroit, MI, 1995, pp. 149\u2013155."}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/119\/1\/87\/5546630\/87_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/119\/1\/87\/5546630\/87_1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T16:30:14Z","timestamp":1570206614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article\/119\/1\/87\/398554\/Finite-Element-Model-of-the-Human-Lower-Cervical"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,2,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.2796070","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0731","1528-8951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0731","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-8951","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,2,1]]}}}