{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T10:54:43Z","timestamp":1783680883637,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent epidemiological, clinical, and biomechanical studies have implicated axial impact to the plantar surface of the foot to be a cause of lower extremity trauma in vehicular crashes. The present study was conducted to evaluate the biomechanics of the human foot\u2013ankle complex under axial impact. Nine tests were conducted on human cadaver below knee\u2013foot\u2013ankle complexes. All specimens were oriented in a consistent anatomical position on a mini-sled and the impact load was delivered using a pendulum. Specimens underwent radiography and gross dissection following the test. The pathology included intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus and\/or the distal tibia complex with extensions into the anatomic joints. Impactor load cell forces consistently exceeded the tibial loads for all tests. The mean dynamic forces at the plantar surface of the foot were 7.7 kN (SD = 4.3) and 15.1 kN (SD = 2.7) for the nonfracture and fracture tests, respectively. In contrast, the mean dynamic forces at the proximal tibial end of the preparation were 5.2 kN (SD = 3.1) in the nonfracture group, and 10.2 kN (SD = 1.5) in the fracture group. The foot and tibial end forces were statistically significantly different between these two groups (p &lt; 0.01). The present investigation provides fundamental data to the understanding of the biomechanics of human foot\u2013ankle trauma. Quantifying the effects of other factors such as gender and bone quality on the injury thresholds is necessary to understand foot\u2013ankle tolerance fully.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2798290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,21]],"date-time":"2008-02-21T20:48:52Z","timestamp":1203626932000},"page":"433-437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Axial Impact Biomechanics of the Human Foot-Ankle Complex"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Yoganandan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin; Department of Veterans\u2019 Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. A.","family":"Pintar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin; Department of Veterans\u2019 Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Kumaresan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin; Department of Veterans\u2019 Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Boynton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin; Department of Veterans\u2019 Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100413184370200_r1","unstructured":"Backaitis, S. H., and Mertz, H. 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