{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:51:21Z","timestamp":1791157881783,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To provide data for fatigue life prediction and testing of structural components in off-road bicycles, the objective of the research described herein was to quantify the loads input to an off-road bicycle as a result of surface-induced loads. A fully instrumented test bicycle was equipped with dynamometers at the pedals, handlebars, and hubs to measure all in-plane structural loads acting through points of contact between the bicycle and both the rider and the ground. A portable data acquisition system carried by the standing rider allowed, for the first time, this loading information to be collected during extended off-road testing. In all, seven experienced riders rode a downhill trail test section with the test bicycle in both front-suspension and full-suspension configurations. The load histories were used quantitatively to describe the load components through the computation of means, standard deviations, amplitude probability density functions, and power spectral density functions. For the standing position, the coefficients of variation for the load components normal to the ground were greater than 1.2 for handlebar forces and 0.3 and 0.5\u20130.6 for the pedal and hub forces, respectively. Thus, the relative contribution of the dynamic loading was much greater than the static loading at the handlebars but less so at the pedals and hubs. As indicated by the rainflow count, high amplitude loading was developed approaching 3 and 5 times the weight of the test subjects at the front and rear wheels, respectively. The power spectral densities showed that energy was concentrated in the band 0\u201350 Hz. Through stress computations and knowledge of material properties, the data can be used analytically to predict the fatigue life of important structural components such as those for steering. The data can also be used to develop a fatigue testing protocol for verifying analytical predictions of fatigue life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2798337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,21]],"date-time":"2008-02-21T15:48:52Z","timestamp":1203608932000},"page":"399-405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Quantification of Structural Loading During Off-Road Cycling"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"D. S.","family":"De Lorenzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. L.","family":"Hull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100606275060600_r1","unstructured":"Bendat, J. S., and Piersol, A. G., 1986, Random Data\u2014Analysis and Measurement Procedures, Wiley, New York, Chaps. 8 and 11."},{"key":"2019100606275060600_r2","unstructured":"Brigham, E. O., 1988, The Fast Fourier Transform and Its Applications, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Chaps. 6\u20139."},{"key":"2019100606275060600_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Lorenzo\n              D. S.\n            , and HullM. L., 1999, \u201cA Hub Dynamometer for Measurement of Wheel Forces in Off-Road Bicycling,\u201d ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING, Vol. 121, pp. 137\u2013142.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2798034"},{"key":"2019100606275060600_r4","unstructured":"Hull\n              M. L.\n            \n          , 1996, \u201cProgress Towards Voluntary Standards for Bicycles in the United States,\u201d Cycling Science, Vol. 8(2), pp. 11\u201313."},{"key":"2019100606275060600_r5","unstructured":"Morgan, J. E., 1998, \u201cThe Recurrent Failure of Modern Bicycle Components,\u201d in: The Engineering of Sport, S. J. Haake, ed., Blackwell Science, Malden, MA, pp. 153\u2013162."},{"key":"2019100606275060600_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newmiller\n              J.\n            , and HullM. L., 1990, \u201cA 6800 Based Portable Data Acquisition Module With Advanced Performance Capabilities,\u201d International Journal of Sports Biomechanics, Vol. 6, pp. 404\u2013414.","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsb.6.4.404"},{"key":"2019100606275060600_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowe\n              T.\n            , HullM. L., and WangE. L., 1998, \u201cA Pedal Dynamometer for Off-Road Bicycling,\u201d ASME JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING, Vol. 120, p. 161161.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2834297"},{"key":"2019100606275060600_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stone\n              C.\n            , and HullM. L., 1993, \u201cRider\/Bicycle Interaction Loads During Standing Treadmill Cycling,\u201d Journal of Applied Biomechanics, Vol. 9, pp. 202\u2013218.","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.9.3.202"},{"key":"2019100606275060600_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stone\n              C.\n            , and HullM. L., 1995, \u201cThe Effect of Rider Weight on Rider-Induced Loads During Common Cycling Situations,\u201d Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 28, pp. 365\u2013375.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)00102-A"},{"key":"2019100606275060600_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilczynski\n              H.\n            , and HullM. L., 1994, \u201cA Dynamic System Model for Estimating Surface Induced Frame Loads During Off-Road Cycling,\u201d ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, Vol. 116, pp. 816\u2013822.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2919455"},{"key":"2019100606275060600_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong\n              M. G.\n            , and HullM. L., 1983, \u201cAnalysis of Road Induced Loads in Bicycle Frames,\u201d ASME Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions and Automation in Design, Vol. 105, pp. 138\u2013145.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3267336"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/121\/4\/399\/5663876\/399_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/121\/4\/399\/5663876\/399_1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,6]],"date-time":"2019-10-06T06:28:00Z","timestamp":1570343280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article\/121\/4\/399\/398097\/Quantification-of-Structural-Loading-During"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,1]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.2798337","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0731","1528-8951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0731","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-8951","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,1]]}}}